378

Energia na Agricultura, Botucatu, v. 36, n. 3, p. 378-387, julho-setembro, 2021

ISSN 2359-6562 (ONLINE) 2359-6562 (CD-ROM)

USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ON EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA INITIAL GROWTH

ALESSANDRO REINALDO ZABOTTO1, MARIA FERNANDA FEITOSA2, LETICIA DANIELLE LONGUINI GOMES2, ARMANDO REIS TAVARES3, ROBERTO LYRA VILLAS BOAS1

1 Department of Forestry, Soil and Environment Science, Paulista State University (UNESP), Avenida Universitária, nº

3780, 18610-034, Botucatu-SP, Brasil.

2 Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Av. Miguel Stéfano, 3687, 04301-902, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.

3 Department of Fruit Culture, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Av. Luís Pereira dos Santos, 1500, 13214-820, Jundiaí-SP, Brasil.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of sewage sludge on Eucalyptus saligna initial growth . E. saligna seedlings were cultivated for 120 days in pots containing soil (control), soil + 30 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge, soil + 60 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge and soil + 90 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge. The chemical analyses of soils and macro- and micronutrient contents in leaves and biometric, biomass and physiological variables were evaluated. The treatments with sewage sludge were statistically higher than the control treatment for all variables. Treatments of 30 and 60

Mg ha-1 sewage sludge were higher than 90 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge for plant growth. The liquid photosynthesis ( A), stomatal conductance ( Gs) and transpiration ( E) of Eucalyptus saligna in all treatments were higher than the Control treatment. We recommend the application of 30 Mg ha-1

sewage sludge for the initial growth of Eucalyptus saligna seedlings. Moreover, the use of sewage sludge as substrate conditioner and fertilizer for Eucalyptus saligna seedling cultivation is an adequate and sustainable way to manage this urban waste.

Keywords: biosolid, fertilization, seedlings, plant growth.

UTILIZAÇÃO DE LODO DE ESGOTO NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE EUCALYPTUS

SALIGNA

RESUMO: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de lodo de esgoto no crescimento inicial de Eucalyptus saligna. Mudas de E. saligna foram cultivadas por 120 dias em vasos contendo solo (controle), solo + 30 Mg ha-1 lodo de esgoto, solo + 60 Mg ha-1 lodo de esgoto e solo + 90 Mg ha-1 lodo de esgoto. Foram avaliadas as análises químicas dos solos e teores de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas e variáveis biométricas, biomassa e fisiológicas. Os tratamentos com lodo de esgoto foram estatisticamente superiores ao tratamento controle para todas as variáveis.

Os tratamentos de 30 e 60 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto foram superiores a 90 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto para o crescimento das plantas. A fotossíntese líquida ( A), condutância estomática ( Gs) e transpiração ( E) de Eucalyptus saligna em todos os tratamentos foram superiores ao tratamento Controle.

Recomendamos a aplicação de 30 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto para o crescimento inicial de mudas de Eucalyptus saligna. O uso do lodo de esgoto como condicionador de substrato e fertilizante para o cultivo de mudas de Eucalyptus saligna é uma forma adequada e sustentável de gerenciar esse resíduo urbano.

Palavras-chave: biossólido, fertilização, mudas, crescimento de plantas.

1 INTRODUCTION

production costs (BERTOLAZI et al., 2017).

Sewage sludge is a residue that must be used Waste from sewage treatment plants

with caution, owing to the probable presence of

requires safe disposal for environmental

organic and inorganic contaminants and

reasons. At the same time, agricultural crops pathogens, e.g., the use of sewage sludge as require alternative fertilizers in order to reduce fertilizer for crop production, such as

Recebido em 04/09/2021 e aprovado para publicação em 19/09/2021

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/EnergAgric.2021v36n3p378-387

Zabotto et al./Use of sewage sludge.../v36n3p378-387 (2021) 379

eucalyptus for cellulose and paper (ABREU-

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

JUNIOR et al . , 2017). Sewage sludge was designated a biosolid in order to be reused or The experiment was conducted in São

recycled in something beneficial, aiming to

Paulo City (23°30’S and 46°40’W), São Paulo

promote its favorable use in plant cultivation State, Brazil, located at 770 m above sea level.

(GUEDES et al., 2006). Sewage sludge

Six-month-old Eucalyptus saligna seedlings incorporated into the soil improves the contact

(0.40 cm height, 2.73 mm stem diameter, 2.97

of soil particles increasing CEC, reducing the g fresh leaf mass, 1.76 g fresh stem mass and

concentration of exchangeable aluminum,

2.09 g fresh root mass, 1.12 g leaf dry mass, providing a source of macro- (N, P, Ca, Mg and

0.65 g stem dry mass and root dry mass 0.57 g)

S) and micronutrients, increasing microbial

were obtained from cuttings from a commercial

activity in the soil, and improving its physical

producer. The seedlings were planted in 14 L

and biological attributes (PRADO

and

black polyethylene pots filled with Red Latosol

CUNHA, 2019). The use of sewage sludge in

soil.

agriculture as fertilizer is regulated by Decree The soil used was collected under the

4.954/2004

and

limited

by

Normative

superficial layer (20-40 cm) of Red Latosol Instruction nº 61/2020 (CONAMA, 2020)

(Table 1) from the Atlantic Forest area of the which regulate and define criteria for the use of Ipiranga State Park (PEFI) and was sieved in a

sewage sludge in agricultural areas without

2 cm mesh-size. The sewage sludge (Table 2)

undue risk to public

health and the

was generated by the ETA – Sewage Treatment

environment. The present study aims to

Plant Station of SABESP in Botucatu City, São

investigate the application of sewage sludge to

Paulo State, Brazil.

The material

was

the initial growth of Eucalyptus saligna through composted

during

70

days,

reaching

valuating its effects on plant growth and

temperatures above 50 ºC,

allowing its

physiology.

disinfection

(CONAMA

–

Normative

Instruction nº 61/2020), and deposited in drying

bays where it reached 20% humidity, at

FCA/UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo State,

Brazil.

Table 1. Chemical composition of the dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol (LVA) soil.

pH

O.M.

Presine

Al3+ H+Al

Na

K

Ca

Mg

CEC

BS

CaCl2

g dm-3

mg dm-3

--------------------mmolc dm-3 -------------------------

%

3.8

15

2

23

106

-

0.2

4

1

111

5

S

B

Cu

Fe

Mn

Zn

---------------------- mg kg-1-----------------------

105.8 0.5 0.5 43.7 0.2 0.57

Table 2. Chemical composition of sewage sludge.

N

P2O5

K2O

Ca

Mg

S

U-65 °C

O.M.

C

----------------------------------------percentage-------------------------------

2.5

3.2

0.1

1.2

0.2

2.4

29

33

18

Na

B

Cu

Fe

Mn

Zn

C/N

pH

----------------------- mg kg-1--------------------------

568

145

159

33465

315

870

7/1

6.4

380

Zabotto et al./Use of sewage sludge.../v36n3p378-387 (2021) The treatments consisted of soil, soil +

ha-1 sewage sludge, and 91.2% with the

30 t ha-1 sewage sludge (dry base), soil + 60 t

application of 90 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge, when

ha-1 sewage sludge (dry base) and soil + 90 t ha-

compared to the control treatment (Table 3).

1 sewage sludge (dry base). After 150 days of

Sewage sludge is rich in organic matter and experimentation, three plants of each treatment

other key elements and thus able to act as a were randomly selected, and their relative

substitute for mineral fertilization (KUMMER

chlorophyll contents were analyzed using

et

al.,

2016).

Commercial

eucalyptus

SPAD-502®

portable equipment (Minolta,

production may deplete nutrients in soil and Osaka, Japan). For chlorophyll a, b and disrupt soil structure, as well as affect water-carotene contents in leaves, analyses were

holding capacity of the soil and, hence, the performed according to Lee et al. (1987).

long-term productivity of the crop (JONES et Chlorophyll a fluorescence was evaluated on al . , 1999). In our study, as sewage sludge doses preconditioned leaves in the dark during 30

increased, we noticed that cation exchange

minutes

with

an

OS5p®

Multi-Mode

capacity (CEC) also increased to 87.5%. The Chlorophyll

Fluorometer

(Opti-Sciences,

increase of CEC is directly correlated with the

Hudson, NH, USA). Gas exchange was

increase of soil organic C and the nutrients N, P

evaluated by an infrared gas analyzer (Lcpro +

and S uptake by eucalyptus seedlings

mod., ADC BioScientific Ltd. Global House,

(GUEDES et al . , 2006). The pH of soil Hertfordshire, UK) in an open system between

decreased from 5.3 (0 Mg ha-1) to 4.0 (90 Mg

08:00 and 11:00 hours with irradiance of 1,000

ha-1). The low pH of sewage sludge and the μmol photons m-2 s-1 in 3 leaves per plant

intermediate products, such as organic acid, measured in the upper third portion of the leaf.

may explain the decrease in pH of soils (SHAN

The seedlings were sectioned into

et al. 2021). By applying 90 Mg ha-1, P level leaves, stems and roots and weighed to obtain

increased 41-fold, in comparison to control

fresh mass. The dry mass was obtained after treatment (0 Mg ha-1) (Table 5). Several authors

drying in a forced air oven at 65 °C until also detected that sewage sludge application reaching

constant weight. The ratio

of

could increase extractable P in the soil

root/shoot system dry matter (R/S) was

(GUEDES et al., 2006; PANTANO et al., 2016;

calculated. The chemical analyses of the leaves

SILVA et al., 2012). Phosphorus is a finite

(MALAVOLTA; VITTI; OLIVEIRA, 2001)

resource; thus, phosphorus recovery from

and soil (RAIJ et al . , 2001) were carried out in sewage sludge should not only be optimized for

the Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition in Plants at

pollution prevention but should be considered a

UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil.

resultant product and suitable for plant growth

The experimental design was a

and food production (SCHRÖDER et al.,

randomized block design with four treatments 2010). Ca and K contents did not increase, and

and three blocks with four plants per

Mg decreased, as sewage sludge quantities

replication. The data were submitted to analysis

increased; nevertheless, Ca and Mg values were

of variance (ANOVA) and the means compared

sufficient for the initial development of the by Tukeyś test ( p ≤ 0.05), using the SISVAR

culture. The low values for K in sewage sludge

statistical program.

may be explained by the high rates of potassium

retained in water during the treatment process,

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

owing to its high solubility (LEILA et al., 2017). S concentration in soil with 30, 60 and

Eucalyptus species cultivated in Brazil 90 Mg ha-1 was almost 3 times higher compared

are adapted to low levels of soil fertility; to the control treatment. All micronutrients and

tolerating soil acidity from high levels of Al.

aluminum (Al+3 and H+Al) increased as sewage

Dolomitic lime should be used on Eucalyptus

sludge doses increased; however, they were

crop to supplement the soil with additional below the levels acceptable for use in forest amounts of Ca and Mg (GONÇALVES, 1995).

plantations, thus not reaching levels of soil Organic matter (O.M.) of the soil increased contamination (CETESB, 2005). B and Zn are

66.7% with the application of 30 and 60% Mg

important micronutrients for eucalyptus and

Zabotto et al./Use of sewage sludge.../v36n3p378-387 (2021) 381

should be applied in the concentrations of 0.3%

corn and beans, when fertilized with sewage B and 0.5% Zn. B application is particularly sludge presented the same results as those of important, especially in regions where water mineral fertilizer, and in this sense, sewage deficiencies are high, and drought occurs

sludge is shown to be capable of replacing or (GONÇALVES, 1995). Through studies, it is

complementing

chemical

fertilizer

very

possible to observe that some crops, such as efficiently (CUNHA MARTINS et al . , 2018).

Table 3. Chemical composition of soil treated with sewage sludge (SS) after 150 days of experimentation.

pH

O.M.

Presine Al3+ H+Al

K

Ca

Mg

BS CEC

SS (Mg ha-1)

CaCl

dm-3 ---------

(%)

2

g dm-3 mg dm-3

------------mmolc

0

5.3

12

2

0

26

0.5

27

19

47

72

30

4.3

20

25

7

69

0.4

24

14

38

107

60

4.1

20

48

11

89

0.3

31

13

45

134

90

4.0

23

82

14

101

0.3

26

9

35

135

SS (Mg ha-1)

S

B

Cu

Fe

Mn

Zn

0

83

0.2

0.6

45

0.2

1.9

30

258

0.4

1.1

91

0.5

6.1

60

280

0.5

1.3

120

0.6

8.8

90

255

0.4

1.7

150

1.1

14.2

N contents in the leaves increased

1997), but Mg was considered lower by Raij et

according to the augment of sewage sludge

al .

(1997).

In

our

study,

no

visual

quantities in soil, ranging from 15 to 35 g kg-1

symptomatology of Mg deficiency was

(Table 4). N contents in the leaves of the control observed,

as

previously

described

for

treatment (0 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge) were also

Eucalyptus aculate (DELL and ROBINSON,

within the range of N recommended for adult 1993). S contents in leaves of plants treated eucalyptus plants (GONÇALVES,

1995),

with sewage sludge were considered optimal

showing the efficient uptake and use of this (RAIJ et al., 1997) and higher than those

nutrient by the species. P contents in leaves

observed in Eucalyptus urograndis adult trees with treatments of 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha-1

(1.05 mg kg-1; VIERA et al., 2012).

sewage sludge

were

higher than those

Micronutrient contents in E. saligna

considered optimal for eucalyptus in Brazil (0.7

leaves increased as the quantities of sewage

to 1.08 g kg-1; WADT et al., 1998), whereas

sludge were raised in treatments. Boron

they were suboptimal for the control treatment

contents in leaves of Eucalyptus saligna were (0.2 g kg-1) (Table 4). K, Ca and Mg contents

lower than those recommended for Eucalyptus

did not increase, and S increased as sewage

plants (RAIJ et al., 1997) without any visual sludge quantities augmented (Table 4). Sewage

symptoms. Symptoms of B deficiency in E.

sludge is poor in potassium contents, but this globulus were rolled and malformed leaves and element is very soluble in water and remains stem dieback. E. urophylla’s leaf margins dissolved in wastewater during the sewage

became chlorotic and then necrotic, while

treatment process (MORETTI; BERTONCINI;

leaves turned brittle and corky, and shoots died

ABREU JUNIOR, 2015). Leaf chlorosis was

back. E. grandis leaves turned reddish and gave observed in older leaves 60 days after

evidence of stem dieback, and the leaves of E.

transplanting, probably from K deficiency

tereticornis developed marginal and interveinal (DELL and ROBINSON, 1993; ZABOTTO et

chlorosis and recurved margins (DELL and

al., 2020). Therefore, a supplementation of

MALAJCZUK, 1994). Treatment of 30 Mg ha-

potassium is necessary to improve crop

1 sewage sludge exhibited values within the

production (OLIVEIRA et al . , 1995). Ca

recommended range for eucalyptus crop (150 –

contents were considered optimal for all

200 mg kg-1; RAIJ et al., 1997); all other

treatments (WADT et al., 1998; RAIJ et al.,

treatments had lower values.

382

Zabotto et al./Use of sewage sludge.../v36n3p378-387 (2021) Table 4. Chemical analyses of Eucalyptus saligna leaves.

Sewage sludge

N

P

K Ca

Mg

S

B

Cu

Fe

Mn

Zn

(Mg ha-1)

----------------g kg-1---------------

------------mg kg-1-------------

0

15

0.2

5

6

2.4

1.1

10

6

67

207

23

15

30

30

1.3

6

7

2.7

2.1

21

14

397

44

2

10

60

30

1.3

7

7

2.9

1.9

23

13

503

53

6

90

31

1.3

8

8

2.7

2.0

27

12

82

727

72

Treatment of 30 Mg ha-1 showed the

plants treated with 30 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge tallest height ( p ≤ 0.05) when compared to the showed values of fresh and dry root mass higher

other treatments (0, 60 and 90 Mg ha-1) (Table

than those with treatments of 60 and 90 Mg ha-

5). Treatments of 30 and 60 Mg ha-1 showed the

1, showing that high doses of sewage sludge can

highest averages ( p ≤ 0.05) for stem diameter inhibit root growth (Table 5). Sewage sludge

(Table 5). Treatments of 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha-1

has high quantities of heavy metals, and the

showed the highest averages ( p ≤ 0.05) for all accumulation of these elements in eucalyptus is

biomass variables in relation to the control higher in roots than in the shoot system

treatment (0 Mg ha-1) (Table 5). The results of

(MAZEN; FAHEED; AHMED, 2010), which

biomass, height, and diameter of the stem in could inhibit root growth. The control treatment

Eucalyptus saligna are directly related to the (0 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge) showed a higher

chemical analysis of soil and leaves that

relationship between aerial and root dry mass showed the nutritional effect of sewage sludge

(Table 5), possibly reflecting a strategy for this with increases of macro- and micronutrient

plant when the availability of nutrients in the contents in the soil and in the plants,

soil is low.

consequently enhancing plant growth. The

Table 5. Biometry of Eucalyptus saligna plants under sewage sludge treatments as plant height stem diameter (SD), fresh leaf mass (FLM), fresh stem mass (FSM), fresh root mass (FRM), total fresh mass (TFM), dry leaf mass (DLM), dry stem mass (DSM), dry root mass (DRM), total dry mass (TDM) and root dry mass/shoot dry mass ratio (R/S).

Sewage sludge

Height

SD

FLM

FSM

FRM

FTM

(Mg ha-1)

(m)

(mm)

----------------------- g --------------------------

0

0.61 c

7.01 c

21.16 b

17.02 c

33.22 b

71.41 c

30

1.07 a

10.92 a

122.10 a

116.30 a

70.55 a

308.96 a

60

1.00 a

10.30 a

111.94 a

102.88 ab

68.75 a

283.58 ab

90

0.87 b

8.99 b

103.71 a

86.59 b

44.14 b

234.46 b

Sewage sludge

DLM

DSM

DRM

TDM

R/S

(Mg ha-1)

----------------------- g --------------------------

9.37 c

7.29 c

11.75 b

28.42 c

0.80

42.68 a

40.73 a

21.23 a

104.55 a

2.02

37.43 ab

36.13 ab

18.11 ab

91.68 ab

2.07

33.95 b

30.20 b

11.76 b

75.91 b

2.89

Means followed by the same letter do not differ by Tukey’s test ( p ≤ 0.05).

The SPAD values for plants treated with

30, 60 and 90 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge exhibited

60 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge were higher than

a more intense green color than control

treatments of 0 and 30 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge

treatment.

The

Soil-Plant

Analysis

(Table 6). The leaves of plants fertilized with Development (SPAD) values can be correlated

Zabotto et al./Use of sewage sludge.../v36n3p378-387 (2021) 383

to N levels in leaves, such as those for E.

with 90 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge showed higher

globulus (MADEIRA et al., 2009). Treatment averages ( p ≤ 0.05) for the variables liquid of 30 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge showed higher

photosynthesis ( A) and stomatal conductance averages for chlorophyll a ( p ≤ 0.05), carotene ( Gs) (Table 6). Treatments of 30, 60 and 90 Mg ( p ≤ 0.05) and total pigments ( p ≤ 0.05) in ha-1 sewage sludge showed higher averages ( p

relation to the control treatment (0 Mg ha-1

≤ 0.05) for transpiration rate E (Table 6).

sewage sludge) (Table 6). Treatments of 30, 60

Sewage sludge is rich in nutrients, a key factor

and 90 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge showed higher

for eucalyptus crop productivity since they are

averages of chlorophyll b ( p ≤ 0.05) in relation involved in basic physiological processes

to the control treatment (0 Mg ha-1 sewage

related to photosynthesis and energy transfer sludge) (Table 6). Plants treated with 30 Mg ha-within leaves

(LACLAU

et al. ,

2009).

1 sewage sludge showed higher photochemical

Therefore, use of sewage sludge as fertilizer in

efficiency ( Fv/Fm) in relation to the control ( p the initial growth of E. saligna is appropriate

≤ 0. 05) (Table 6). Fv/ Fm values between 0.52

and beneficial, as long as it is applied according and 0.60 are ideal in healthy plants, and these

to

appropriate

guidelines

to

minimize

values may vary or be underestimated for each

environmental and ecological damage and

species as a result of climatic conditions, such

maximize potential benefits for sustained

as low or high temperatures, or cultivation agricultural productivity.

method (CAMPOSTRINI, 2001). Plants treated

Table 6. Eucalyptus saligna physiology under sewage sludge treatments as relative content of chlorophyll (SPAD), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total pigments, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), liquid photosynthesis ( A), stomatal conductance ( Gs) and transpiration ( E).

Sewage

Chlorophyll

SPAD

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids sludge

a+ b

(Mg ha-1)

-----------------------------µg cm-2---------------------------------

0

40.13 c

3.82 b

5.75 b

2.16 b

9.57 b

30

43.33 b

5.85 a

6.97 a

2.59 a

12.82 a

60

45.20 a

4.85 ab

6.68 a

2.37 ab

11.53 a

90

44.82 ab

4.70 ab

6.66 a

2.31 ab

11.36 ab

Sewage

F v/F m

A

Gs

E

sludge

(Mg ha-1)

(mol m-2 s-1)

0.52 b

4.69 c

0.16 d

2.39 b

0.60 a

11.81 b

0.31 c

3.76 a

0.57 ab

12.12 b

0.45 b

3.80 a

0.58 ab

12.91 a

0.63 a

3.88 a

Means followed by the same letter do not differ by Tukey’s test ( p ≤ 0.05).

4 CONCLUSION

Eucalyptus saligna. However, doses above 30

Mg ha-1 retracted the root growth in Eucalyptus The fertilization of soil using sewage

saligna. Thus, 30 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge sludge resulted in an increase in N, P and O.M.

provides a better result

and should be

and increase of CEC in soil. The application of

considered a viable technique for fertilization of sewage sludge showed higher values of

Eucalyptus saligna and to avoid the dispose of biometric variables (growth and development)

the pollutant in the environment.

and positive results in physiological variables in

384

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