464

Energia na Agricultura, Botucatu, v. 36, n. 4, p. 464-470, julho-setembro, 2021

ISSN 2359-6562 (ONLINE) 2359-6562 (CD-ROM)

CORN GRAIN YIELD COMPONENTS ACCORDING TO THE SOIL MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

JORGE WILSON CORTEZ¹, IAN FELIPE BERNAL DE CARVALHO2, FELIPE PRESTES

NANTES3, MATHEUS PEREIRA DE JESUS4, MATHEUS JOSÉ BILIBIO5

1 Eng. Agr., Prof. Dr. da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970, Dourados, MS, Brasil, e-mail: jorgecortez@ufgd.edu.br .

2 Eng. Agr., Egresso da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970, Dourados, MS, Brasil, e-mail: ianfcarvalho@outlook.com.

3 Eng. Agr., Egresso da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum,

km

12,

Cidade

Universitária,

79804-970,

Dourados,

MS,

Brasil,

e-mail:

felipe_nantes_@hotmail.com .

4 Eng. Agr., Egresso da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum,

km

12,

Cidade

Universitária,

79804-970,

Dourados,

MS,

Brasil,

e-mail:

matheus_pereira_10@hotmail.com .

5 Eng. Agr., Egresso da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum,

km

12,

Cidade

Universitária,

79804-970,

Dourados,

MS,

Brasil,

e-mail:

mateus_bilibio@hotmail.com .

ABSTRACT: Management systems and sowing speed can impact the establishment, development, and Grain yield of crops of economic interest. Thus, this study aimed to assess second crop corn grain yield components according to the soil management system. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a split-plot scheme in one of the years due to the introduction of the sowing speed factor, with four replications. Six management systems were distributed in the plots (one moldboard plow by two off-set disk harrow operations (T1), one offset disk harrow (T2), no mobilization (T3), one subsoiler (T4), one cross-subsoiler by one offset disk harrow (T5) and one subsoiler by one offset disk harrow (T6) and four speeds in the subplot (3.0, 4.7, 6.1, and 6.7 km h−1) during corn sowing operation. The analyzed variables: plant stand, longitudinal distribution of seedlings, stem diameter, plant height, first-ear insertion height, and grain yield. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and when significant, the Tukey test was applied. The studied management systems showed no effect on plant stand, longitudinal distribution, and grain yield components (stem diameter, plant height, first-ear insertion height and grain yield). Travel speed also interfered with the longitudinal distribution and plant stand.

Keywords: no-tillage, conventional tillage, grain yield.

COMPONENTES DE PRODUÇÃO DO MILHO EM FUNÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE

MANEJO DO SOLO

RESUMO: Sistemas de manejo adotados e velocidade de semeadura podem causar impactos no estabelecimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade de cultivos de interesse econômico. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os componentes de produção do milho em segunda safra, em função do sistema de manejo do solo. O experimento foi desenvolvido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso e no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, devido a introdução do fator velocidade de semeadura, com quatro repetições. Foram alocados seis sistemas de manejo nas parcelas (aração mais duas gradagens, gradagem, sem mobilização, escarificado, escarificado cruzado e escarificação mais uma gradagem) e quatro velocidades na subparcela (3,0, 4,7, 6,1 e 6,7 km h-1) durante a operação de semeadura da cultura do milho. As variáveis analisadas foram: estande de plantas, distribuição longitudinal de plântulas, diâmetro do colmo, altura de planta, altura de inserção da primeira espiga e a produtividade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativo aplicado teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade para a comparação das médias. Os sistemas de manejo estudados não afetaram o estande de plantas, a distribuição longitudinal, e os componentes Recebido em 25/08/2021 e aprovado para publicação em 20/12/2021

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/EnergAgric.2021v36n4p464-470

Cortez et al./Corn grain yield components.../v36n4p464-470 (2021) 465

de produção (diâmetro do caule, altura de planta, altura de inserção da primeira espiga e produtividade de grãos). Velocidade de deslocamento interferiu na distribuição longitudinal e no estande de plantas.

Palavras-chaves: plantio direto, preparo convencional, produtividade.

1 INTRODUCTION

intensifying with the increase in the cultivation of the second crop corn, resulting in high Soil preparation systems can alter soil

demand for operating capacity and requiring physical properties (DADALTO et al., 2015), high speed in the execution of agricultural restricting

or

maximizing

grain

yield

activities in order to reduce operating costs (CORTEZ et al., 2011), which may cause over

and improve the quality of the sowing process time undesirable changes in the arable layer (SANTOS et al., 2016). However, the corn structure. Thus, management systems can

crop requires careful sowing due to the low affect the establishment, development, and number of seeds sown per meter to allow grain yield of crops of economic interest plants to express its productive potential.

(DRESCHER et al., 2012; CORTEZ et al.,

Therefore, this study aimed to assess

2017).

second crop corn grain yield components

Corn

productive potential can be

according to the soil management system and determined by plant stand, sowing density, also the influence of the sowing speed.

number of ears per plant, number of grains per ear, mean grain weight, morphophysiological 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

characteristics of genotypes, sowing time, and management (BALBINOT Jr. et al., 2005).

Description of the experimental area

Seed distribution carried out by the seed drill, This study was carried out at the

directly associated with seed deposition and Experimental Farm of Agricultural Sciences of sowing depth, could also affect the initial stand the Federal University of Grande Dourados and plant establishment (VIAN et al., 2016).

(UFGD), located in Dourados, MS, Brazil, Ormond et al. (2018) assessed the travel speed with geographic coordinates of 22°14′ S and of a pneumatic seed-cum-fertilizer drill to test 54°59′ W and an average altitude of 434 m.

two seed measuring mechanisms and found

The climate is CWa, according to the

that sowing performed at low speed had the Köppen classification, and the soil is classified best percentage of ideal spacing, but increases as a dystroferric Red Latosol (SANTOS et al., in speed led to high percentages of flawed and 2018). The meteorological data obtained from double spacing, compromising sowing quality.

the

Embrapa

Western

Agriculture

Agricultural mechanization has been

experimental station is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Monthly meteorological data (precipitation and temperature) in 2015

250

40

)

)

200

m

30

(°C

(m

150

re

n

20

tu

100

erap

itatio

10

cip

50

emT

reP

0

0

March

April

May

June

July

Months 2015

Precipitation (mm)

Mean temperature

Minimum temperature

Maximum temperature

Source: Embrapa Western Agriculture (2015).

466

Cortez et al./Corn grain yield components.../v36n4p464-470 (2021) 2.1 Experimental design

and sowing at a depth of 0.05 m. The seed-fertilizer was set to distribute 6.0 seeds of the The experimental design used was a

hybrid DKB 285 PRO per meter. Topdressing

randomized block, with treatments arranged in fertilization was performed with 80 kg ha−1 of a split-plot and four replications. Treatments urea. The other management practices were consisted of six management systems applied carried out based on the agronomic aspects of to the plots before sowing the summer crop the crop.

(soybean), namely: one moldboard plow by

two off-set disk harrow operations (T1), one 2.3 Grain yield components

offset disk harrow (T2), no mobilization (T3), one subsoiler (T4), one cross- subsoiler by one Plant

stand

was

determined

by

offset disk harrow (T5) and one subsoiler by counting the number of seedlings that emerged one offset disk harrow (T6).

within two meters, using a measuring tape.

Speeds applied in the subplots during

The

longitudinal

distribution

or

corn sowing were related to the staggering of uniformity of spacing between seedlings was the tractor gears, which resulted in average assessed using a measuring tape, with readings speeds of 3.0, 4.7, 6.1, and 6.7 km h−1.

taken in the central row of each subplot by Subplots were considered only the passes of measuring the distance between seedlings the seed drill during corn sowing.

within two meters. The percentage of normal, Each experimental plot occupied an

flawed, and double spacings was obtained

area of 15 × 19 m (285 m2). A space of 12 m

according

to

ABNT

(1984)

standards,

was reserved in the longitudinal direction considering the percentage of spacings: double between plots for maneuvers, machine traffic, (D): < 0.5 times the referential X; normal (A): and set stabilization.

0.5 < referential X < 1.5; and flawed (F): > 1.5

times the referential X.

2.2 Equipment and supplies

Plant height, stem diameter, and first-

ear insertion height (FEIH) were performed by Plots of the soil management systems

measuring five consecutive plants in the were tilled using a five-shank subsoiler, with subplot, with values expressed as a mean.

0.08-m width narrow tines at a depth of 0.35

Plant height was measured from soil level to m, cutting disc, and cutting roller; notched the flag leaf insertion, stem diameter was moldboard plow with at a depth of 0.40 m; and determined by measuring the plant collar (± 5

off-set disk harrow, with 20 discs of 0.51 m in cm in height), and FEIH was measured from diameter (20″) in each section, notched discs soil level to the first productive ear.

in the front of the chassis, plain discs at the After collecting the plants from an area

rear, and working depth of 0.15 m.

of 5 m in length and two central rows of each A tractor model 4 × 2 FWD, with 67.71

subplot, ears were threshed, grain moisture kW (92 hp) of nominal engine power at 2400

corrected to 13%, and Grain yield obtained in rpm, front tires 7.50-18 and rear tires 18.4-34, kg ha−1.

and a mass of 3,400 kg was used for tillage operations, while a tractor model 4 × 2 FWD, 2.4 Data analysis

with 89.79 kW (122 hp) of nominal engine power at 2200 rpm, with front tires 14.9-58

The data were subjected to analysis of and rear tires 23.1-30, and mass of 4,510 kg variance and, when significant, the Tukey test was used for the subsoiler operation.

was applied at 5% probability for comparison A seeder-fertilizer with a pneumatic

of means.

seed distribution system was used. This

machine had cutting discs for straw, furrow 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ridger in the fertilizer row, and helical metering, being set for the spacing of 0.90 m Plant

stand

and

longitudinal

Cortez et al./Corn grain yield components.../v36n4p464-470 (2021) 467

distribution were not affected by management of corn sown at different speeds and found that systems (Table 1).The highest travel speed at the lowest speed resulted in better crop sowing led to a low plant stand (Table 1).

performance.

Trogelo et al. (2014) assessed the development Table 1. Analysis of variance and test of means for the variables stand and longitudinal distribution of corn seedlings.

Plant stand

Longitudinal distribution

Factor

(plants m−1)

Normal (%)

Flawed (%)

Double (%)

Management

2015

2015

2015

2015

(M)

T1

7.46

60.27

19.95

19.76

T2

7.56

66.75

14.54

18.69

T3

6.96

68.25

17.52

14.21

T4

6.68

68.86

18.92

12.20

T5

7.12

69.64

14.73

15.61

T6

7.15

67.66

17.51

14.81

Speed (S)

3.0 km h−1

7.62 a

68.00 ab

12.84 b

19.15 a

4.7 km h−1

7.43 a

60.37 b

18.21 ab

21.40 a

6.1 km h−1

7.02 ab

71.41 a

16.57 ab

12.01 b

6.7 km h−1

6.56 b

67.84 ab

21.18 a

10.96 b

F-test

M

1.36 ns

0.82 ns

0.65 ns

0.87 ns

S

5.85 **

3.44 **

3.04 **

8.08 **

M × S

0.69 ns

0.48 ns

0.55 ns

0.83 ns

CV M (%)

15.38

22.36

62.93

76.64

CV S (%)

13.36

18.38

56.70

56.14

ns: not significant (p>0.05); *: significant (p<0.05); **: significant (p<0.01); CV: coefficient of variation. Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Tukey test at 5% probability.

Management: One moldboard plow by two off-set disk harrow operations (T1), one offset disk harrow (T2), no mobilization (T3), one subsoiler (T4), one cross-subsoiler by one offset disk harrow (T5) and one subsoiler by one offset disk harrow (T6). Source: Author (2015).

Uniform spacing between seeds allows

km h−1

had

the highest

percentage

of

delimitating the maximum space for each

longitudinal distribution (Table 1) for the plant, reducing intraspecific competition normal spacing (71.41%). The speed of 6.7 km (ZHAO et al., 2010). It is a key factor for corn h−1 showed the highest value of flawed

development

because

the crop

has no

spacing for the longitudinal distribution, while plasticity, i.e., it cannot compensate for flaws, the lowest speeds (3.0 and 4.7 km h−1) had the which may affect its performance (SILVA et highest percentages of double spacing for the al., 2016).

distribution.

The obtained data was below the

One desirable characteristic in the plant

minimum necessary for a normal distribution stand is the uniformity in the longitudinal using a pneumatic seed drill, i.e., 90% of distribution of seeds, as their irregularity normal regularity (MIALHE, 1996) either due

influences crop development, contributing to to the high number of plants of the second intraspecific competition and favoring the crop corn or the lack of regulation and/or appearance of weeds (ORMOND et al., 2018).

adequacy of the disc to the seed. The treatment Also, an increase in the sowing speed leads to most similar to this regularity was plowing and an increase in disc rotation, reducing the time harrowing,

which provided a

loose

and

of filling them and, consequently, resulting in completely disturbed soil. Sowing speed at 6.1

an

irregular

spacing

between

plants

468

Cortez et al./Corn grain yield components.../v36n4p464-470 (2021) (CANOVA et al., 2007). On the other hand, a

12%<CV<62%, and low when CV<12%.

decrease in the travel speed can lead to double Thus, longitudinal distribution for double filling of seeds in the orifices of discs, also spacing was classified as having a high CV

affecting acceptable standards during sowing.

and the other variables presented a medium Appropriate population and uniformity in the CV.

longitudinal distribution of plants are essential Regarding grain yield components

factors in searching for high grain yield in corn (Table 2), soil management had no effect on (STORCK et al., 2015). Coefficients of

stem diameter, plant height, and first-ear variation (CV) (Table 1) were classified insertion height (FEIH). The average grain according to Warrick and Nielsen (1980), grain yield was above that predicted by Milho being high when CV>62%, medium when

(2022) (4,056.00 kg ha−1).

Table 2. Analysis of variance and test of means for stem diameter, plant height, first-ear insertion height (FEIH), and grain yield.

Stem diameter

Plant height

FEIH

Grain yield

Factor

(mm)

(cm)

(cm)

(kg ha−1)

Management (M)

T1

18.48

185.78

80.37

4530.73

T2

17.97

188.46

78.25

4688.97

T3

17.94

182.90

79.16

4647.30

T4

18.39

185.17

77.16

4641.10

T5

18.20

185.28

76.45

4475.47

T6

17.72

189.82

78.91

4610.50

Speed (S)

3,0 km h−1

18.22

185.89

77.38

4482.74 b

4,7 km h−1

18.28

185.20

77.72

4515.28 b

6,1 km h−1

17.97

184.00

76.96

4239.73 b

6,7 km h−1

17.99

189.85

81.46

5158.30 a

Teste F

M

1.20 ns

1.10 ns

0.49 ns

0.20 ns

S

0.39 ns

1.92 ns

2.75 ns

6.86 *

M × S

1.02 ns

1.59 ns

1.59 ns

0.86 ns

CV M (%)

5.88

5.10

10.33

15.32

CV S (%)

6.94

4.81

7.83

15.92

ns: not significant (p>0.05); *: significant (p<0.05); **: significant (p<0.01); CV: coefficient of variation. Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Tukey test at 5% probability.

Management: One moldboard plow by two off-set disk harrow operations (T1), one offset disk harrow (T2), no mobilization (T3), one subsoiler (T4), one cross- subsoiler by one offset disk harrow (T5) and one subsoiler by one offset disk harrow (T6). Source: Author (2015).

The highest

grain yield

in these

observed in cultivation systems under a no-treatments may be attributed to the fact that the tillage system in the Cerrado due to soil management used in these treatments favored mobilization only in the sowing furrow. Added soil decompaction, and consequently, corn

to it is the high soil compression by the traffic crop development. This interaction stands out of

agricultural

machinery

for

sowing,

when using a plow or chisel with a leveling harvesting, and management practices under

harrow, the former promoting the turning and non-ideal conditions of moisture in clay soils breaking of the compacted soil layers, with due to the short time available for carrying out organic matter incorporation, and the latter operations with adequate soil moisture, which promoting the breaking of clods formed in the may lead to undesirable changes in the arable previous tillage, leveling the soil.

layer.

Compacted surface layers have been

Travel speed showed no significant

Cortez et al./Corn grain yield components.../v36n4p464-470 (2021) 469

interaction for stem diameter, plant height, and 4 CONCLUSIONS

FEIH (Table 2). However, a high travel speed provided an increase in Grain yield due to the The soil management systems showed

low number of plants per meter (Table 1).

no effect on

plant stand, longitudinal

Thus, a low plant stand for corn can favor an distribution, grain yield components (stem increase in Grain yield, since there would be diameter, plant height,

first-ear insertion

more space between plants in the row,

height and grain yield).

favoring a better spatial condition for the The highest travel speed resulted in the

development

and

performance

of

its

highest corn Grain yield and lowest plant productive

potential

under

the

studied

stand.

Travel speed interfered

with

the

conditions. The increased number of plants in longitudinal distribution.

the row impaired corn grain yield because the sowing stand at the lowest speeds was slightly 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

above the recommended.

However, according to Fattahi et al.

To the Federal University of Grande

(2015), sowing speed for corn should be

Dourados (UFGD) for supporting this research usually lower than 8 km h−1, which is

and

granting

the

scientific

initiation

dependent on planting conditions. Thus, it is scholarships. To CNPq (National Council for essential to consider factors such as travel Scientific and Technological Development) for speed, seed distribution, plant stand, and grain granting the scientific initiation scholarships to yield

components as indicators of corn

the students participating in this research. To cultivation quality, allowing the crop to CAPES for supporting with PROAP resources

express

its

productive

potential,

thus

and scholarships for undergraduate students guaranteeing high Grain yield.

involved in this research. We have no conflict of interest to declare.

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