362

Energia na Agricultura, Botucatu, v. 36, n. 3, p. 362-377, julho-setembro, 2021

ISSN 2359-6562 (ONLINE) 2359-6562 (CD-ROM)

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BARBECUE CHARCOAL CHOICE CRITERIA ANANIAS FRANCISCO DIAS JÚNIOR1, CARLOS ROGÉRIO ANDRADE2, ÁLISON

MOREIRA DA SILVA3, GABRIELA FONTES MAYRINCK CUPERTINO1, JOSÉ OTÁVIO

BRITO3

1 Departamento de Ciências Florestais e da Madeira, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Gov.

Lindemberg,

316

-

Centro,

29550-000,

Jerônimo

Monteiro

– ES, Brasil. ananias.dias@ufes.br,

gabriela.mayrinck01@gmail.com.

2 Câmpus Jatobá, Universidade Federal de Jataí (UFJ), Rodovia BR 364, Km 195, nº 3800, 75801-615, Jataí – G, Brasil.

carlos_rogerio_andrade@ufg.br.

3 Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ-USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Caixa Postal 09, 13.418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. alison_vni@hotmail.com, jobrito@usp.br ABSTRACT: Brazil is the principal producer and consumer of charcoal in the world, where around 10% is used for cooking food on stoves, wood stoves, and barbecue grills. However, in the country, there are no official regulations to assess the quality of this product. The objective of this study was to investigate some of the main technical and qualitative aspects of charcoal used for barbecue, supporting the choice during product purchase. For this, a sampling of the product was conducted in commercial establishments in the city of Piracicaba (São Paulo, Brazil). The charcoal obtained was according to the places of acquisition: supermarket chain, independent supermarkets, slaughterhouses, gas stations, and one called "others". Samples of products from brands present at the time of visits were collected in two different years to verify the seasonality of the products. The frequency of brands, location of suppliers, prices, and informational aspects of packaging were analyzed in detail. It was verified the existence of several brands marketed in the studied categories.

Most product suppliers are located in the State of São Paulo. Product prices showed significant variations between the two collections carried out, with a notable increase (18%) in charcoal sold by the supermarket chain category. The information standards available on product packaging have varied. The brands collected in the supermarket chain category presented the greatest amount of information and attributes on charcoal packaging, ensuring significant support for consumers to select it.

Keywords: charcoal, prices and packaging, seasonality, product characteristics RECOMENDAÇÕES PARA CRITÉRIOS DE ESCOLHA DE CARVÃO PARA CHURRASCO

RESUMO: O Brasil é o principal produtor e consumidor de carvão vegetal no mundo, onde cerca de 10% é destinada a ao cozimento de alimentos em fogões, fogões a lenha e churrasqueiras. Porém, no país, não existem regulamentações oficiais para que avaliem a qualidade desse produto. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar alguns dos principais aspectos técnicos e qualitativos do carvão vegetal utilizado para churrasco, subsidiando na escolha durante a aquisição do produto. Para isso, foi conduzida uma amostragem do produto em estabelecimentos comerciais da cidade de Piracicaba (São Paulo, Brasil). O carvão vegetal foi obtido de acordo com os locais de aquisição: rede de supermercados, supermercados independentes, frigoríficos, postos de gasolina e um denominado

"outros". Foram coletadas amostras dos produtos de marcas presentes no momento das visitas em dois anos distintos para verificar a sazonalidade dos produtos. A frequência das marcas, localização dos fornecedores, preços e aspectos informativos das embalagens foram analisados detalhadamente.

Verificou-se a existência de diversas marcas comercializadas nas categorias estudadas. A maioria dos fornecedores do produto estão localizados no Estado de São Paulo. Os preços dos produtos apresentaram variações significativas entre as duas coletas realizadas, com aumento significativo (18%) do carvão vegetal comercializado pela categoria rede de supermercados. Os padrões de Recebido em 26/04/2021 e aprovado para publicação em 19/09/2021

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/EnergAgric.2021v36n3p362-377

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) 363

informações disponíveis nas embalagens dos produtos foram diversificados. As marcas coletadas na categoria rede de supermercados apresentaram a maior quantidade de informações e atributos nas embalagens do carvão vegetal, garantindo maior subsídio para que os consumidores o selecionem.

Palavras-chaves: carvão vegetal, preços e embalagens, sazonalidade, características dos produtos.

1 INTRODUCTION

charcoal for domestic use in a barbecue are not

known (DIAS JÚNIOR et al., 2015). In Brazil,

For centuries, charcoal, one of the oldest

the São Paulo State is the only one to have a man-made preparations, has been considered

formal

mechanism

for

quality

control

essential for humanity, and even today, in the guidelines for charcoal for barbecue and can 21st century, it remains a primary source of provide subsidies for control in other regions of

energy

in

many

developing

countries

the country. This normative decision is

(AKOWUAH et al., 2012; VICENTE et al.,

Resolution nº 40 (SÃO PAULO, 2003; SÃO

2017; JELONEK et al., 2020). Globally, the

PAULO, 2015) quality seal is voluntary and

production of charcoal has tripled in the last 50

aims to determine a minimum quality standard,

years from 17.3 million tons in 1964 to 58

including reference values for moisture content,

million

tons

in

2018

(FAO,

2018;

fixed carbon content, volatile material content,

RODRIGUES et al., 2019). Its use is in the ash content, and size of parts.

chemical and pharmaceutical industry as raw

Despite the search for improvements in

material, in Brazil, for example, it is in steel and the production, logistics, and distribution of metallurgy that its use is widely and strongly charcoal for cooking, there is still a lack of disseminated, resulting in annual consumption

standardization of processes and products.

of about 5.3 million tons (DUFOURNY et al.,

Thus, it is very common for a trademark to use

2019; IBA, 2020). For the retail consumer, its

charcoal

from

different

producers

or

most well-known use is in cooking food, being

distributors, in the same way, that a same

considered one of the oldest practices used by

producer or distributor can supply to different

humanity (VIKSNA et al., 2008; WARNES,

brands (MEIRA et al., 2005; DIAS JÚNIOR et

2008; LEDESMA et al., 2015). Used

al., 2018). It is noted that widespread brands of

worldwide, charcoal is popular for preparing

barbecue charcoal in Brazil are packaged and grilled meats, enhancing the flavor of the food

marketed by distributors who do not produce

(IQBAL e KIM, 2016). Even with widespread

charcoal, intermediating the production chain

use, especially in underdeveloped countries,

and who often take most of the profit. This charcoal production has shown that it is still a

arrangement of the charcoal chain involves the

practice characterized by the low valuation of aggregation and mixing of charcoal from

the sector, often related to discrimination,

various sources, from different processes and, marginalization, and the existence of little

consequently, of dubious quality for food

economic, environmental and social value

preparation, since it is proven that unsuitable (RUEDA et al., 2015).

products contribute to increase the content of Despite the wide application, there are

carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide and

few measures to control the quality of charcoal

increased particle emissions, which can cause characteristics.

In

2005,

the

European

several problems to the environment and

Standards Council (EN) approved the EN 1860-

human health, (VIKSNA et al., 2008;

2 (2005) standard, which indicates limit values

LEDESMA, et al., 2015; DUEDAHL-

for certain parameters that characterize the

OLESEN et al., 2015; JELONEK, et al., 2020).

quality of charcoal, from a consumer health and

Even though charcoal is a popular

safety perspective, being considered one of the

choice of fuel for barbecue, almost no data few quality guidelines for domestic charcoal.

specifying its properties are available to

Even in countries that are considered major

consumers (JELONEK et al., 2020). In addition

charcoal producers, such as Brazil, measures

to technical attributes to qualify the use of that can be taken to control the quality of charcoal, the issues inherent to product

364

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) packaging, such as size, type (paper or plastic),

with branches distributed in different parts of fuel lighters, handle presence and present

Brazil;

Independent

supermarkets

(I),

information, are important attributes to be

supermarkets of medium and large size, but

observed in the acquisition of product (DIAS

with a unique location in the city of Piracicaba;

JÚNIOR et al., 2015). This information may

Meat houses (M), food trade of beef, pork,

provide indications that the product addresses chickens and processed meat of animal origin;

environmental and social issues (MEIRA et al.,

Gas stations (G), trade-in car fuels that also sell 2005), allow the traceability of the product from

charcoal in your convenience store; Category of

the output of the production unit to the

commercial establishments known as "others"

consumer shelf (BRAND et al., 2015), and,

(O), consisting of grocery stores, mini-markets,

over time, ensure the seasonality, maintenance,

bakeries, greengrocers and retailers that sell and availability of the product. These actions charcoal.

would collaborate for decisions and strategies This categorization was carried out to

to improve the quality of the charcoal, also analyze the hypothesis of the existence of more

adapting to the needs of the consumer

specific

quality

control

in

commercial

(OKELLO et al., 2013).

categories of larger commercial size, more

Due to the difficulties of a more precise

organized, thus providing superior products to

definition of charcoal quality for food

consumers. Ten commercial establishments by

preparation, the search for information that can

category were selected randomly, located under

broaden the range of references about the issue

the reference area of the 63 districts that make

is extremely important, aiming for a higher

up the city of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The list of valuation of the product. The quality of

commercial establishments used for the

barbecue charcoal may vary depending on the

selection was obtained from the Commercial

brands sold and the commercial categories that

and Industrial Association of Piracicaba.

distribute the product. An exploratory analysis

Sampling was conducted in two phases, the first

is required to obtain results and indicatives, in December 2014 and the second in December

considering that seasonality may interfere with

2015. The same establishments were visited

the

qualitative

charcoal

characteristics

again in the second sampling.

available to the retail consumer. This research

The products were purchased in their

work aimed to investigate some of the main

original packaging, collecting two packages (3

technical and qualitative aspects of charcoal and 5 kg) of each brand, according to

used for barbecue, providing clues to future availability at the time of the visit to the actions aimed at attracting consumer’s attention

selected commercial establishment. This

to product selection.

quantity guaranteed the randomness of the

samples. For comparison, only brands present

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

during the first sampling were acquired in the

second sampling. When not more offered the

2.1 Sampling of charcoal

mark was named as "absent".

The products were obtained from the

2.2 Data collection

commerce of the municipality of Piracicaba,

state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, located

A questionnaire was designed and

at an altitude of 524 meters, Piracicaba has the

applied to owners and employees of

following geographical coordinates: Latitude:

commercial

establishments,

seeking

to

22 ° 43 '30' 'South, Longitude: 47 ° 38' 51 ''

understand economic and technical aspects for

West. The city was chosen due to its relevance

qualifying the use of charcoal. The following to

the

consumption

of

the

product

criteria were evaluated: the price of charcoal, (PRÓCARVÃO, 2002; SGARBI, 2013). A

information present on the packaging, type of sampling process was carried out dividing the

packaging, consumer preference for a product

commercial establishments into five categories:

and option to change brands.

Supermarket chains (S), supermarket chains

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) 365

2.3 Data analysis

and/or aspects observed on the packaging of the

products (MANLY e JAN, 2008). Thus, each

The data were evaluated through

observed aspect was susceptible to two values:

descriptive statistics. For product prices, mass 1 (observed in the packages) and 0 (absent).

and marketed value were considered, testing for

Standardized mean values with mean zero and

normality (Kolmogorov) and homoscedasticity

variance equal to one were considered for each

of variances (Levene). Then, the analysis of analyzed variable. The data correlation matrix

variance was conducted and for multiple

was used for the PCA. Linear combinations

differentiation of means, the Scott-Knott test were interpreted by normalized eigenvectors

was applied, at 95% probability. Histograms

and correlations between the original variables

were developed to observe the distributions of

and the main components. The analyzes were

product prices for both sampling phases.

performed using Minitab software 16.0®.

The principal components analysis

(PCA) was also carried out to inform the

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

proximity between the products collected

(charcoal

brands),

depending

on

the

Table 1 presents the results of the

characteristics of the packages. For this

occurrence and inconstancy of the products

purpose, the binary logic was used for each item

collected in the first and second sampling.

366

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) Tabela 1. Products collected during in phase I (2014) and phase II (2015) of sampling Relative

Absolute

Presence

Frequency

Producer or Distributor Location in

Brand

Frequency

in Phase

(%) in

Phase

and

in Phase

Phase

category

I

II

I

II

I

II

I

II

S1

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Nova Ponte (MG)

Nova Ponte (MG)

S2

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Cândido Mota (SP)

Cândido Mota (SP)

S3

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Maringá (PR)

Maringá (PR)

S4

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Lavras (MG)

Lavras (MG)

S5

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Maringá (PR)

Maringá (PR)

S6

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Bariri (SP)

Bariri (SP)

S7

✓

×

2

-

1.9

-

Paranapanema (SP)

-

Salto de Pirapora

S8

✓ ✓

4

4

3.7

6.3

Atibaia (SP)

(MG)

S9

✓

×

2

-

1.9

-

Jacupiranga (SP)

-

S10

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Americana (SP)

São Paulo (SP)

I10

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Americana (SP)

São Paulo (SP)

I11

✓ ✓

4

4

3.7

6.3

Piracicaba (SP)

Piracicaba (SP)

I12

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Abaeté (MG)

Abaeté (MG)

I13

✓ ✓

4

2

3.7

3.1

Rio Claro (SP)

Rio Claro (SP)

I14

✓ ✓

4

4

3.7

6.3

Anhembi (SP)

Anhembi (SP)

I15

✓

×

2

-

1.9

-

Descalvado (SP)

-

I16

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Piracicaba (SP)

Piracicaba (SP)

I17

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Torrinha (SP)

Torrinha (SP)

M13

✓ ✓ 14

6

13.0

9.4

Araras (SP)

Rio Claro (SP)

M16

✓ ✓

4

4

3.7

6.3

Piracicaba (SP)

Piracicaba (SP)

Sta Maria da Serra

M18

✓

×

2

-

1.9

-

-

(SP)

G13

✓ ✓

8

2

7.4

3.1

Rio Claro (SP)

Rio Claro (SP)

G16

✓ ✓ 14

10

13.0 15.6

Piracicaba (SP)

Piracicaba (SP)

O6

✓

×

2

-

1.9

-

Bariri (SP)

-

O7

✓ ✓

4

2

3.7

3.1

Paranapanema (SP)

Paranapanema (SP)

O11

✓

×

2

-

1.9

-

Piracicaba (SP)

-

O12

✓ ✓

2

2

1.9

3.1

Abaeté (MG)

Abaeté (MG)

O15

✓

×

2

-

1.9

-

Descalvado (SP)

-

O16

✓ ✓

6

2

5.6

3.1

Piracicaba (SP)

Piracicaba (SP)

O19

✓

×

2

-

1.9

-

Rio de Janeiro (RJ)

-

O20

✓

×

2

-

1.9

-

São Manuel (SP)

-

Σ:

31

22

108

64

100

100

-

-

Where: Numbers indicate how product brands; S = Supermarket chain; I = Independent supermarkets; C = Meat house; G =gas stations; O = others. The symbols: ✓ = presence; × = absent. The abbreviations in brackets are relative to the states of the Brazilian federation: MG = Minas Gerais, SP = São Paulo, PR = Paraná. RJ = Rio de Janeiro. Source: The authors (2022)

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) 367

In the first sampling, ten brands were

have routines of visits and inspection of the detected in the category of supermarket chains

productive processes of charcoal, requiring

(S), eight brands in the category independent aspects

that

relate

to

raw

material,

supermarkets (I), three brands in the category of

carbonization, regularization of workers,

meat house (M), two brands in the gas stations

environmental

requirements,

packaging,

(G) and eight brands in the category called transport, besides the physical characteristics,

"others" (O). In the second sampling, one year chemical and mechanical properties of

after the first one, it was observed that the charcoal. Although the smaller commercial

number of brands decreased considerably (29%

size, independent supermarkets also seek fixed

reduction), demonstrating the inconstancy of

suppliers, systems or inspection approaches

products on the market. The category that most

have not been reported. Categories such as meat

reduced the availability of brands was the

houses, gas stations, and "others", reported that

"Others" category, with a reduction of 62.5%, the acquisition of the products for resale is within a year. The other categories had the loss

made considering mainly the price and the

of one or two trademarks. According to the

proximity of the suppliers. In these categories,

results obtained by the application of the

the frequency of charcoal volatility may be

questionnaire,

commercial

categories

of

even higher since quality is the least observed

smaller commercial sizes do not have a

aspect for consumers to purchase the products

standard for the selection of suppliers or even

(DIAS JÚNIOR et al., 2015).

fixed vendors for charcoal. In this case, the It was also observed that some brands

choice of products for commercialization is

were exclusive of certain categories studied

made based solely on the price, giving

(Table 1). In supermarket chains, this

preference to those of lower cost. Often these exclusivity was due to its brand, given that products are sold to final consumers at a lower

some commercial groups in Brazil have their

price than the other categories, however,

brands spread and even recognized for their

probably increases the possibility that charcoal

high quality and price. This is a result of a is inappropriate for barbecue use.

continuous quality inspection that accompanies

The frequency of the marks presented

steps from the acquisition of the raw material to

variation between the two sampling phases. For

the final product. There are product brands that

example, the M13 brand and the G16 brand

have been identified in more than one

have achieved high frequencies (meat houses

commercial category, a fact also observed by and gas station categories, respectively), that is, Rosa et al., (2012) and Brand et al. (2015) when

the consumer is more likely to find those brands

studying charcoal in different stores in the on the shelves of the trades in those categories.

states

of

Espírito

Santo

and

Paraná,

This is justified because of the small number of

respectively. For example, brands 6 and 7

brands available at the time of sampling for the

appeared in the supermarket chains and the

categories and because the supplier or

category "others"; brand 10, in chains and distributor is located in the municipality itself independent supermarkets; brands 13 and 16,

or nearby cities (from 40 to 60 km from

which are unique in the gas stations category, Piracicaba) (BRAND et al. 2015). There was an

have also been identified in the independent increase in the relative frequency from the first

supermarket and the "others". These results to the second sampling due to the decrease of

support the hypothesis that a supplier results in

the products in that time interval (31 to 22) the distribution of different brands of charcoal

since the methodology of this research was to

or the same brand, which can be met by several

collect in the second sampling only the marks

suppliers of the product when considering

present in the first sampling.

mainly availability and price.

The

most

structured

commercial

In both samples, the majority of

categories are intended to control the quality of

producers and, or distributors (> 70%) are in the the products and the maintenance of a brand and

state of São Paulo, followed by Minas Gerais,

price to the retail consumer. For example, it has

which contributes with 16.1% of the brands

been detected that some supermarket chains

identified in the first sampling and 18.2% in the

368

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) second sampling. The other states with smaller

emphasizes the need for dense charcoal with a

proportions were Paraná and Rio de Janeiro.

high heat capacity to allow cooking during the

Traders reported that they negotiate mostly

barbecue (DIAS JUNIOR, et al., 2020).

with distributors and producers in the Minas Figure 1 shows the average prices

Gerais State, but that despite the low cost, (R$ kg-1) of the products sampled in the two charcoal is considered "light", low density, and phases of the study. The highest price between

the acceptance by consumers would be lower,

the two samplings was product S8 (R$ 4,97), even if cheaper. The needs of charcoal

while the lowest observed value was product

consumers through the QFD (Quality Function

I15 (R$1,73), collected during the first

Deployment) tool (DIAS JÚNIOR, et al., 2015;

sampling of the study. Between the two

DIAS JÚNIOR, et al., 2018). The author’s

sampling intervals, there was an increase of up

report that among consumers' needs is that the

to 33.25% for the O12 brand and a decrease of

product "provides heat for longer" and that they up to -16.21% for the S4 product.

would not care about the price. This observation

Figure 1. Charcoal prices collected in the two phases of sampling Where: S = supermarket chain; I = independent supermarkets; M = house of meat; G = gas stations; O = other commercial establishments. Values in brackets correspond to the coefficient of variation. Source: The authors (2022) According to Riegelhaupt and Pareyn

Brands that have production units close

(2010), transportation is one of the factors to the municipality can lower the final value of

contributing to the increase in the price of charcoal to the retail consumer (BRAND et al.,

charcoal. Periods of high commercialization

2015), due to the lower cost of transport. This

values encourage charcoal production activity

may justify the fact that the S8 product presents

and the consequent decrease in price due to the

a higher price for the first sampling when

high supply provided (CASTRO et al., 2007;

compared to the second one since there was a

TIPPAYAWONG et al., 2020). However, this

change of supplier from a more distant

offer is considered unstable, due to seasonal and

municipality (Salto de Pirapora, MG) to a

random

fluctuations,

during

the

year

nearby one (Atibaia, SP). The product with the

(COELHO JÚNIOR et al., 2006; DOGGART

lowest observed price (I15) has the supplier unit

et al., 2020). Another aspect to be considered is

located in a municipality near the sampling site

the price variability in the charcoal market, due

of this study, only 125 km.

in part to a large number of producers,

Based on Figure 1, which shows the

distributors, and suppliers of the product

average values of the two samplings by

(COELHO JÚNIOR et al., 2006; BRAND et

commercial category, there were no differences

al., 2015).

between prices, however, in absolute form, the

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) 369

highest value of charcoal was for the category

of fuel stations and the lowest value for the category called "others".

Figure 2. Prices (R$.kg) of charcoal for food cooking by commercial category Where: S = supermarket chain; I = independent supermarkets; M = house of meat; G = fuel stations; O = other establishments. Dispersion values correspond to the standard error of the mean. ns = not significant at 95% probability.

Source: The authors (2022)

In general, the results support the idea

World Cup; there were political representation

that supermarket and fuel stations chains

elections; water crisis in the State of São Paulo, commercialize charcoal at a higher cost than the

among other factors that may have influenced

other categories. Average prices were higher

the price of wood and charcoal. The highest for the first phase of the study in the five concentration of the distribution was found

categories studied. It is also observed that the between R$ kg-1 2.50 to R$ kg-1 4.00 for the corresponding deviations were greater for the first phase (Figure 3a) and a little more variable second sampling. 2014 in Brazil was a year of

(from R$ kg-1 3.00 to R$ kg-1 4.00) in the

several events. The country hosted the Football

second phase (Figure 3b).

Figure 3. Distribution of charcoal prices for the first (a) and second sampling (b) Source: The authors (2022)

Charcoal packs are important in product

information about the production, the origin of

protection

and

storage,

facilitating

the raw material, registration in environmental

transportation to the final consumer when they

agencies, a lot of production among others,

have handles or supports. There are also fuel guaranteeing to the consumer that charcoal was

lighters for ignition aid and important

produced

in

compliance

with

legal

370

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) environmental

conditions,

social

and

results of the technical attributes analyzed in the occupational health (MEIRA, et al., 2005;

packaging of the products collected in the five

DIAS JÚNIOR et al., 2015). Figure 4shows the

commercial categories studied.

Figure 4. The information present on the packages of charcoal collected in the five commercial categories

Where: S = supermarket chain; I = independent supermarkets; M = meat houses; G = fuel stations; O = others commercial establishments. Registry CETEBS = registration of licensing in the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo; Registry IBAMA = registration of licensing in the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Resources; Registry IEF = registry at the State Forestry Institute of Minas Gerais. Source: The authors (2022)

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) 371

It can be noticed that the products

these records is related to the guarantee that the presented paper packaging, with the minority in

wood used to produce charcoal has been legally

the paper of double layer, more present in the

harvested. Information about the origin of wood

brands found in the category supermarket

used in the production of charcoal is a very chain. This type of packaging confers greater relevant

aspect

due

to

the

increased

resistance to tears in falls or impacts, hindering environmental awareness in recent years. Most

perforations and exposing the charcoal to the of the products collected inform this

environment, which can compromise its

characteristic, however, specific laboratory

quality.

analyzes must be carried out to prove such

Support straps and lighters to aid in the

information. In addition to the environmental

ignition of charcoal are items that provide

aspects, knowledge about the wood used in the

comfort to consumers. These items were

process can serve as an indication of the

observed in some products (eg S1, S4, S6, S8,

potential of the charcoal that will be consumed.

S10, I10) of the commercial categories

The impossibility of spontaneous

investigated, in higher percentages (9%) in

combustion as a characteristic of charcoal

supermarket

chains

and

independent

(ROHD, 2005) is a subject discussed by the

supermarkets. That there is no relation between

production chain due to the validity of

these items and the price, also they can be Resolution 420 of the National Agency for

considered differential attributes in the quality

Land Transport (BRASIL, 2004). According to

of the products (BRAND et al., 2015). Present

the government agency (ANTT), charcoal is

in most of the brands found the production

classified as hazardous, belonging to Class "4.2

batch allows the traceability of the production,

- Spontaneous Combustion". Despite this, a facilitating the quality control from the exit of

study carried out by the Science and

the carbonization kiln to the shelf of the

Technology Foundation of the state of Rio

consumer (BRAND et al., 2015). Similar

Grande do Sul (CIENTEC) indicates that

aspects to the other items analyzed above were

charcoal does not present this characteristic, observed in higher percentages in the categories

conferring the decoupling of the state to the of supermarkets and independent supermarkets.

Resolution (ROHD, 2005). Because of

Thus, based on Figure 3, it can be

Resolution 420, the cost of transport increases

observed that the products collected in the

by up to 30% due to the security measures

supermarket chain category presented the

imposed for the other states. Most of the

highest percentage of adherence to the

products collected did not present the

necessary regulatory attributes (CETESB,

spontaneous combustion label (Figure 3) but

IBAMA, IEF, and timber origin records) for the

were nevertheless identified in some of them commercialization of charcoal. Information

(ex: S2, S4, S6, I11, O6).

regarding

registration

in

environmental

Few brands had stamps of provenance

agencies

was

identified,

with

the

and quality. Only at the first sampling was Environmental Company of the State of São

observed the products S1, S5, S8, I12, and O12.

Paulo being the organ in which the products These are seals relating to a quality inspection

were least adhered to. Only S7, S8, I10 (phase

of the distributor (S8 and S5) or the

II), M18 and O7 products have this number on

environmental agency supervising the state of their packaging. The registration with Brazilian

origin as a guarantee of product quality (S1, Institute for the Environment and Renewable

I12, and O12). It was also observed that most of

Natural Resources was the one that mostly

the products inform that charcoal can have its

consisted of the products collected since it is an mass changed due to its high hygroscopicity

environmental

requirement

for

the

(BERGERON, et al., 2013; DIAS JÚNIOR, et

commercialization of charcoal. Also, the State

al., 2016; SILVA, et al., 2018).

Forestry Institute registry was observed in

Some information on instructions for

products originating in the States of Minas

use, conservation, precautions, shelf life, and Gerais and Paraná (Table 1). The importance of

food recipes were not observed, detected only

372

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) in brands sold by the category of the

higher quality products, which justifies the

supermarket chain (S5, S8, and S9). These

importance of these aspects in the choice of actions indicate a differential of the category purchase. The characteristics that seek to select

about the others studied. In general, the

specific items of product quality are defined in

packaging did not present standardization about

the course of the work, thus maintaining the the information provided, a fact also observed

desired incorporations throughout the entire

by Brand et al., (2015) in charcoal brands

process, which could be applied to the targeting

sampled in cities of the state of Santa Catarina.

and suitability of the charcoal packages (SHEN

The importance of the information

et al., 2000; CHAN, 2002; DIAS JÚNIOR, et

contained in the packages was observed by Dias

al., 2015). Figure 5 show the ordering diagrams

Júnior, et al., (2015) as one of the main items

of the variables (information and items

desired by consumers of barbecue charcoal.

observed on the packages) as a function of the

The authors also pointed out that consumers

first two main components.

would be willing to "pay a little more" for Figure 5. Ordering diagram of the items and information collected on the packaging of the products collected in the first sample (a: 2014; b: 2015), considering the scores and eigenvectors of the main components I and II

Source: The authors (2022)

In the first sampling (Figure 5a) it is

not informing the registration numbers in

possible to differentiate four groups: the first-IBAMA and CETESB (opposite scores, Figure

formed by-products S5 and S8; the second for

5a), also contributing to the lack of information

products I12 and O12; the third with a single about an alteration of weight. The other brands

representative, S3; and a fourth group formed of the products formed the fourth group, which

by the other products. However, one group

did not present most of the information or items

appears more distant from the others (R5 and considered for the grouping (opposite scores).

R8). This distancing was caused by the fact that

Thus, in the first phase of the research, the these products presented most of the

products S5 and S8 stand out for the attributes

information and items analyzed on their

analyzed in the packages.

packaging.

Already in the second sample of the

The formation of the group consisting of

study (Figure 5b), three groups were formed: a

the trademark S3 occurred due to the absence of

group formed by products S5 and S8 and S3.

the handle, fuel lighter, and registration in the

Products I10, R10, I13, M13, and O7 make up

organ CETESB. Products I12 and O12

a second group and the third group encompass

constitute the same trademark in different

the other products. The product S3 presented commercial

categories

(independent

increased information in the packages in the supermarket and "others"). For the formation of interval between the two collections and, thus,

this group, the scores considered the fact that it was part of the group with most of the the packages do not have fuel lighters, besides

observed aspects. The second group relates to

Dias Júnior et al./Recommendations for barbecue.../v36n3p362-377 (2021) 373

similar

brands

marketed

in

different

4 CONCLUSION

commercial categories and to a product of

category "others" (O7). The incorporation of Some brands of charcoal grills were

handles, lighters, and registration in CETESB

exclusive to the supermarket chain. Prices

allowed the composition of a grouping. This

showed significant variations between the

presented more diverse, with different observed

samples and time. The brands collected in the

items, however, the absence of handles and

supermarket chain category presented the

lighters was fundamental for the formed

greatest amount of information and attributes in

grouping.

the charcoal packaging. The high variability of

In general, from the first to the second

the studied variables did not allow for well-sample, changes in the aspects analyzed and

defined groupings of the products; however, the

studied in the commercialized charcoal

supermarket chain category stands out for

packages were observed, and some of the

having most of the attributes evaluated on the

information and items that were previously not

packaging, which generally provides better

present were incorporated into some of the

quality charcoal, due to a higher quality

products.

requirement from suppliers. Thus, it is noted that the most expensive product (category fuel

stations) is not necessarily the one with the greatest attributes for the consumer to assess its quality.

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