924 Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

ISSN 1808-8546 (ONLINE) 1808-3765 (CD-ROM)

CROP COEFFICIENT OF MARANDU PALISADE GRASS: AN APPROACH

INVOLVING LEAF AREA INDEX AND CANOPY HEIGHT*

DÉBORA PANTOJO DE SOUZA1; ARTHUR CARNIATO SANCHES2; FERNANDO

CAMPOS MENDONÇA3; FELIPE GUSTAVO PILAU3 E FERNANDA LAMEDE

FERREIRA DE JESUS4

*Trabalho desenvolvido a partir dos dados da dissertação de mestrado da primeira autora.

1Etec Prof. Edson Galvão, Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza, Rodovia Gladys Bernardes Minhoto, km 11 - Capão Alto - CEP: 18211-265 – Itapetininga, São Paulo, Brasil, e-mail: deborapdsouza@hotmail.com

2Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados –UFGD, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12 - Unidade II, CEP: 79.804-970, Dourados – Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, e-mail: arthursanches@ufgd.edu.br

3Engenharia de Biossistemas, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, CEP: 13419-800 São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: fernando.mendonca@usp.br, fgpilau@usp.br 4Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia–UFRA campus Tomé-Açu, Rodovia PA- 451, Km-03, Bairro Açaizal, CEP: 68.680-000, Tomé-Açu – Pará, Brasil e e-mail: fernanda.lamede@ufra.edu.br

1 ABSTRACT

Determining the evapotranspiration rate enhances our understanding of plant water needs, potentially improving irrigation management. This study aimed to investigate the water consumption of the Marandu palisade grass ( Urochloa brizantha), ‘Marandu’ cultivar, single cropped and intercropped with black oat and ryegrass, by determining the crop coefficient (Kc) and their correlation with canopy height (CH) and leaf area index (LAI). The experiment was carried out at ESALQ/USP from April 2016 to January 2017. Two weighing lysimeters were used to calculate the Crop evapotranspiration (ETc): one with single-crop Marandu palisade grass throughout the year and the other intercropped with black oat and ryegrass during autumn and winter (from April to September 2016). The estimated Kc, CH, and LAI were measured every 4-day. Regression equations were generated to determine the correlation between Kc and CH, and Kc and LAI in each season. Minimum and maximum Kc values for single cultivation in each season were: 0.61 and 0.97 for spring, 0.45 and 1.10 for summer, 0.47 and 0.74 for autumn, and 0.52 and 0.94 for winter. In the intercropped cultivation, Kc values ranged from 0.62 to 1.04.

Keywords: evapotranspiration, Urochloa brizantha, irrigated pasture management

SOUZA, D. P. de; SANCHES, A. C.; MENDONÇA, F. C.; PILAU, F. G.; JESUS, F. L.

F. de

COEFICIENTE DE CULTURA DO CAPIM MARANDU: UMA ABORDAGEM

ENVOLVENDO ÍNDICE DE ÁREA FOLIAR E ALTURA DE DOSSEL

Recebido em 15/06/2021 e aprovado para publicação em 20/10/2021

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2021v26n4p924-937

Souza, et al. 925

2 RESUMO

A determinação da taxa de evapotranspiração aumenta a compreensão das necessidades de água da planta, melhorando potencialmente o gerenciamento da irrigação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o consumo de água do capim-marandu ( Urochloa brizantha), cultivar ‘Marandu’, em monocultivo e consorciado com aveia-preta e azevém, por meio da determinação do coeficiente de cultura (Kc) e sua a correlação com a altura do dossel (CH) e o índice de área foliar (IAF). O experimento foi realizado na ESALQ/USP no período de abril de 2016 a janeiro de 2017. Foram utilizados dois lisímetros de pesagem para cálculo da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc): um com capim-marandu ao longo do ano inteiro e o outro consorciado com aveia-preta e azevém durante o outono e inverno (de abril a setembro de 2016). O Kc foi estimado, CH e IAF foram medidos a cada 4 dias. Equações de regressão foram geradas para determinar a correlação entre Kc e CH, e Kc e LAI em cada estação. Os valores mínimo e máximo de Kc para cultivo único em cada estação foram: 0,61 e 0,97

(primavera); 0,45 e 1,10 (verão); 0,47 e 0,74 (outono) e 0,52 e 0,94 (inverno). No cultivo consorciado, os valores de Kc variaram de 0,62 a 1,04.

Palavras-chave: evapotranspiração, Urochloa brizantha, manejo de irrigação em pastagem

3 INTRODUCTION

management information (ALENCAR et

al. , 2009). The determination of crop Brazil has the second largest bovine

evapotranspiration by assessing water flows

cattle herd in the world, consisting of more

in the soil-plant-atmosphere system is

than 214 million animals (IBGE, 2018).

central to improving pasture irrigation

Numerous annual crop species such as oats,

efficiency

(SOUZA

et

al.,

2011;

Italian ryegrass, and millet are cultivated SCHRADER et al., 2013).

alongside the Pampa biome's natural

Estimates of crop coefficients (Kc)

pastures in the subtropical climes of Brazil.

may vary across seasons and stages of plant

In these areas, rainfall is sufficiently regular growth, for example, for the tropical forage

throughout the year to cover pastures' water

grass Panicium maximum ‘Tanzania, one requirements (SANTOS et al., 2015).

study in Uberlândia estimated Kc values

However, in other regions of Brazil,

ranging from 0.46 to 0.98 during the initial

including

the

Southeast,

Midwest,

period of plant growth while another in

Northeast, and North, tropical pastures may

Montes Claros/MG, estimated for this

experience brief or prolonged droughts

cultivar, Kc values ranging from 0.97 to 1.2

during the year. In addition, in the

in the winter season (BUENO et al., 2009; Southeast and Midwest, the cold of autumn

BARBOSA et al., 2015). Other studies and winter cause pronounced forage

focused on the relationship between ETo

seasonality. The impact of climate on

and maximum forage production. Antoniel

forage productivity may interfere with meat

et al. (2016) studied P. maximum and milk production, affecting the national

‘Mombaça’ in the subtropical Cidade

economy (ALENCAR et al. , 2009).

Gaúcha/PR, and obtained maximum dry

In response to the unfavorable

matter yields with irrigation depths ranging

climate, cattle breeders have adopted

from 96% to 154% of ETo, leading to

pasture irrigation techniques to minimize or

maximum Kc values varying from 0.96 to

eliminate

production

dynamics,

the

1.54.

efficiency of which depends on adequate

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

926 Crop coefficient of marandu...

In addition, cattle grazing or cutting

Marandu palisade grass was sown in

dynamics make it difficult to interpret and November 2016, nitrogen (N) fertilizer (125

use crop coefficient information. This is kg ha-1) was applied 21 days after sowing illustrated by the fact that the Food and and

invasive

plants

were

manually

Agriculture Organization of the United

controlled after germination.

Nations (FAO) bulletin n° 56 (ALLEN et Immediately after the third cutting

al., 1998, 2006) reports Kc values only cycle (28 days cycle-1), at the beginning of based on plant height or age.

autumn, one of the two plots was

Canopy height (CH) of forage plants

overseeded with two winter crops: black oat

is the most frequently metric used in

( Avena strigosa ‘EMBRAPA 29’) and

grazing management (ALENCAR et al., ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ‘Fepagro São 2010; GIMENES et al., 2011), although Gabriel’), while the other plot remained

recent approaches also have been using leaf

single cropped. The winter crops were sown

area index (LAI) (ALENCAR et al., 2013; on May 4th, resulting in an intercrop

ARAUJO et al., 2013; DANTAS et al., consisting of three forage crops. Marandu 2016). This study aimed, firstly, to estimate

palisade grass was cut to a height of 0.15 m,

Kc values for Marandu palisade grass

after which the winter crop, consisting of ( Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’), cultivated 100 kg ha-1 of black oat seeds and 60 kg ha-as a single-crop and intercropped with black

1 of ryegrass, was manually spread.

oats ( Avena strigosa) and ryegrass ( Lolium Nitrogen fertilizer was applied after

multiflorum), and secondly, to evaluate each forage cut, with dosage varying

across the seasons, the relationship between

according to the season (50 kg ha-1

Kc and CH, and KC and LAI.

autumn/winter

and

80

kg

ha-1

spring/summer). Both plots, single- and

intercropped, received the same N-dosage

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS

during autumn/winter period.

Cutting intervals varied according to

The experiment was conducted at

the climate; for single-cropped Marandu

the ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of

palisade grass, we used 28-day cycles

Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP

during spring/summer and 40-day cycles

(latitude 22° 42′ S; longitude 47o 38′ W; during autumn/winter. In the overseeded

altitude 569 m). According to the Köppen-plot, the cycles varied, and we cut when the

Geiger classification, the regional climate is canopy reached a light interception level of

Cwa, humid subtropical with a sizzling

95%. The LAI and light interception level summer and dry winter (KOTTEK et al., were measured in 8 eight to 10 ten points 2006). According to the Brazilian System

per treatment above the crop and 2 two to of Soil Classification, the local soil is a five 5 below the plants per point, using the

Nitosol

Red

Eutroferric

Latosolic

LAI 2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer (LI-

(SANTOS et al. , 2013).

COR®) sensor. The resulting duration

The

experimental

area

was

between cutting was 40 days for cycle one,

composed of two 144 m² plots. Before

28 days for cycle two, 24 days for cycle sowing with Marandu palisade grass

three, and 32 days for cycles four and five.

( Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’), the plots There were nine cutting cycles

were prepared for planting by following

during the experimental period for the plot conventional measures outlined by Raij et with single cropped Marandu palisade grass

al. (1996), which included soil preparation with a height of cut of 0.15 m. The duration

(plowing),

pH

correction,

and

soil

of the experiment cycles totaled 300 days.

fertilization.

Kc values generate by the correlations

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

Souza, et al. 927

between Kc versus LAI and Kc versus CH,

evapotranspiration (ETc), was measured

the cycles of growth, and cut were allocated

with a weighing lysimeter placed at the

into the seasons, depending on the starting center of each experimental plot. The

date of each cycle. There were two cycles lysimeters occupied an area of 1.17 m² and

in spring (October to December 2016),

a depth of 0.58 m and used an automatic three cycles in summer (December 2016 to

drainage system; the datalogger program

January 2017), two cycles in autumn (May controlled both sets. The calibrations of to July 2016); and two cycles in winter both lysimeters and the automatic drainage (July to October 2016).

weighing

systems

(dataloggers)

were

Irrigation was applied using a

carried out before the forage crops were conventional solid-set sprinkler system with

sowing, as described by Sanches et al.

plot with spacing (sprinklers x lines) of 12

(2017).

m x 12 m, using the NaanDanJain 427B

As recommended by Campeche et

sprinkler model. Four sprinklers were set in

al. (2011) and Schrader et al. (2013), we each the plot, equipped with a sectorial used the lysimeter weight variation to

device to restrict irrigation to an angle of calculate the daily ETc, but we excluded 90°.The sprinklers operated at a pressure of

values associated with high rainfall periods

250 kPa and discharge of 590 L h-1. The (P), which could cause data inaccuracy.

application uniformity of which was tested Furthermore, data were excluded

before starting the experiment, resulting in when evaporation rose above 0.20 mm over

a Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient

15 min intervals, as these values were likely

(CUC) = 87%, calculated according to

associated with hot air inputs from

Christiansen (1942).

northerly, northwesterly, and westerly

The plots were irrigated every four

winds that blew over areas of bare soil near

days in order to maintain the soil moisture the experimental area, increasing soil

content higher than 70%, with the soil

evaporation and potentially leading to data drainage between the upper and lower limit

inaccuracy.

point at 15 atm. The irrigation water depth Reference evapotranspiration (ETo)

was based on the crop consumption

was calculated using the Penman-Monteith

measured in weighing lysimeters, and for

model (ALLEN et al., 1998, 2006). It was the water replacement, were considered

obtained meteorological data (wind speed,

100% of to the pasture evapotranspiration, solar radiation, air temperature, and relative aiming to avoid water deficit.

air humidity) from the ESALQ weather

The

crop-canopy

water

station,

located

100

m

from

the

consumption,

represented

by

crop

experimental area (Figure 1).

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

928 Crop coefficient of marandu...

Figure 1. Meteorological data from the weather station (ESALQ/USP) during the experiment: mean air temperature (Tmean), Net Radiation (Rn), Air Relative Humidity (RH) and Rainfall (R), Piracicaba/SP, 2017.

Rain

Tmean

Rn

RHmean

35

100

nd

%)

a

) 30

(

C) 1-

80

n

º( y

ea

)

da 25

m

n 2-

m

ea

m

60

(

20

RHm

m

J

-

R -

T- M 15

ity

in

40

id

ure

Rn (

m

Ra

t

- 10

uh nd

n io

20

e

a

pera

t

5

ivt

emt dia

ir

ra

0

0

Rela

a

n Net

ea

M

Date

ETc and ETo values were used to

on the same day and with an interval of 4

obtain the crop coefficient (Kc). The daily days.

Kc values were determined every four days

To determine whether CH and LAI

to calculate the mean data for each period, values could be used to estimate Kc, the considering the forage growth for the best correlation between daily Kc means and CH

grazing interval along the cycle (PEREIRA

and LAI for each group of cycles in the et al., 2015).

same season (spring, summer, autumn, and

To better understand the behavior of

winter) was estimated. We obtained one

Kc throughout the productive cycle, we

regression equation for each season for the used two approaches: leaf area index and single and intercropped ‘Marandu’.

canopy height both estimated and measured

at 4-days intervals. For LAI measures, the

LAI 2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer (LI-

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

COR®) was used to measure together and

with the same repetitions of the light

The Figure 2 shows ETc data

interception measurement; for CH, we used

estimated

from

weighing

lysimeter

a ruler created using a graduated tape

measurements throughout the experimental

measure. Both LAI and CH were measured

period for the single cropped plot (ETcs).

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

Souza, et al. 929

Figure 2. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated with data from the ESALQ/USP

weather station, and crop evapotranspiration of single cropped Marandu palisade grass (ETcs), estimated by weighing lysimeter during all seasons, from 2016 to 2017, Piracicaba/SP.

The Figure 3 shows ETc data for the

(0.64 mm day-1). There was 42.2 mm of

intercropped plot (ETcc) from May to

precipitation and intense net solar radiation

October 2016. A decreasing trend of ETo

(Rn) (1.05 MJ/m/day) on June 6th (Figure and ETc values is observed from May to

1).

July, with the lowest ETo value on June 6th

Figure 3. Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated with data from ESALQ/USP

weather station, and crop evapotranspiration of Marandu palisade grass intercropped with black oat and ryegrass (ETcc), estimated by weighing lysimeter during autumn and winter (May to October 2016), Piracicaba/SP.

ETo

ETcc

8

)1-a 7

di 6

mm 5

ão (

4

açir 3

ansp

2

1

0

Evapotr

Data

In contrast, the highest ETo values

of 7.99 mm day-1 (Figure 2). Another study

were observed from October to January,

by Barbosa et al. (2015) in Montes with values in excess of 6 mm day-1

Claros/MG measured the ETc of Guinea

occurring during this period. Although the grass cultivar ‘Tanzania’ over a year and mean air temperature values were above

reported values ranging from 1.98 to 7.21

20°C (Figure 1) during the warm, in the mm day-1. Bueno et al. (2009) observed a rainy season (spring and summer), the ETc

peak in mean ETc values of 6.65 mm day-1

tends to decrease due to cloudiness on rainy

for Guinea grass ‘Tanzania’, which is lower

days. The cumulative rainfall from October

than that obtained by Barbosa et al. (2015) 2016 to January 2017 was approximately

and in this present study due to the use of 820 mm.

10-day means by these authors.

Within the same month, ETcs

Considering

the

variable

ETc

behaved similarly to ETo, with a peak value

responses of the Marandu palisade grass

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

930 Crop coefficient of marandu...

crop depending on the time of the year or and LAI (Figures 4), and Kc and CH

season, we chose to demonstrate Kc

(Figures 5) in mean values throughout the responses according to the season and

cutting cycles included in each season.

together with the correlations between Kc Figure 4. Empirical models of crop coefficient (Kc) versus leaf index area (LAI) for the single cropped palisade grass during the seasons: spring (○), summer (●), autumn (▲), and winter (×), Piracicaba/SP.

spring

Kc = -0,0341LAI2 + 0,2426LAI + 0,5417

R² = 0,7905

summer

Kc = 0,4515LAI0,4641

R² = 0,983

autumn

Kc = -0,0193LAI2 + 0,0703LAI + 0,6663

R² = 0,7817

winter

Kc = -0.0368LAI2 + 0.206LAI + 0.5519

R² = 0.6795

1,10

1,00

c)

0,90

K(

icientef

0,80

p Co

Cro

0,70

0,60

0,50

0,40

0,30

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Leaf Area Index (LAI)

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

Souza, et al. 931

Figure 5. Empirical models of crop coefficient (Kc) versus versus canopy height (CH) for the single cropped palisade grass during the seasons: spring (○), summer (●), autumn (▲), and winter (×), Piracicaba/SP.

Kc = -0,0017CH2 + 0,0906CH - 0,2655

spring

R² = 0,7433

summer

Kc = 0,0472CH0,8273

R² = 0,9826

autumn

Kc = -0,002CH2 + 0,077CH - 0,005

R² = 0,7198

winter

Kc = -0.0046CH2 + 0.1953CH -1.2031

R² = 0.8383

1,10

1,00

0,90

0,80

c)K(

icient 0,70

efo

p c

Cro

0,60

0,50

0,40

0,30

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Canopy height (CH), cm

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

932 Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

ISSN 1808-8546 (ONLINE) 1808-3765 (CD-ROM)

The empirical models of LAI versus

In the spring (Figure 5), the highest

Kc for spring, autumn, and winter were

Kc was 0.97, observed when CH was equal

polynomial and met the standard models of

to 0.30 m, as previously reported. During Kc presented in the literature, with growth the summer, the highest CH was 0.44 m,

rate rising to a maximum, followed by a with a maximum Kc of 1.10. In the

decline (e.g., Figure 4). For Marandu

summer, stem mass (25.5%) contributes to

palisade grass, the initial Kc in these

canopy height to a greater extent than it periods presented values close to 0.60,

does in the spring (11.4%) (SOUZA et al., which later increases.

2018), suggesting that the stem elongation In the spring (Figure 4), the peak

and equation model is progressive (Figure (Kc = 0.96) occurred with LAI near 4. In 5).

the summer, the Kc values ranged from

Changes in forage yield and

0.45 to 1.10, and the plants reached a LAI morphophysiological characteristics during

peak of 6.56. The differences between the the seasonal period are influenced by

LAI x Kc models between summer and

climatic elements, such as water deficit, spring can be attributed to mature growth.

luminosity, solar radiation, and low

After autumn and winter, the plants mature

temperatures, varying according to the

in fewer days under irrigation. It is

physiology of each species (ALENCAR et important to pointed out that in the spring, al., 2010; GOBBI et al. , 2011).

plants require less water, observed by

Several

papers

have

been

Pezzopane et al. (2018).

demonstrating the mechanisms of response

In the autumn (Figure 4), the Kc

to seasonal water deficit in tropical forage behaved differently due to the response of plants. Even with low water intake, some tropical forage plants to a reduction in air plants can maintain their physiological

temperature and solar radiation, and the

functions despite a water deficit, although subsequent reduction in forage plant

this becomes more challenging as the water

productivity (seasonality). The Kc values

deficit increases. To prevent water deficit varied within a narrow range, from 0.47 to increases, plants stimulate stomatal closure 0.70. In the winter (Figure 4), the highest and deepening of the root system,

Kc values occurred between LAI values

increasing their capacity to retain water in ranging from 2 to 4, with a decrease of Kc

tissues and water absorption, respectively, in LAI values above the upper limit.

thus

enabling

plants

to

maintain

The approach of correlating Kc

physiological functions even with less

curves and canopy height (Kc × CH)

water available. Plants may also undergo

revealed similar trends to the Kc × LAI alterations in their foliar area and foliar analysis. CH was higher in the summer

abscission in response to low water

(Figure 5) and autumn (Figure 5) when

availability (ALENCAR et al., 2010, 2013; stem elongation of Marandu palisade grass JIANG; HUANG, 2001; MANAVALAN;

was stimulated. Lopes et al. (2014) studied NGUYEN,

2012;

SALEHI-LISAR;

the effect of different irrigation water

BAKHSHAYESHAN-AGDAM, 2016).

depths in Urochloa decumbens, reporting During the autumn and winter, the

increases in leaf and stem elongation rates Kc models for the intercropped crops

as the applied water depth increased.

showed different behavior models for single

During autumn and winter, the CH

Marandu palisade grass (Figure 6 and

reached a maximum of 0.31 m (Kc = 0.74),

Figure 7). In a well-managed, intercropped with a Kc value peak when CH was equal system, water use efficiency (in terms of to 0.23 m (Kc = 0.94), as shown in the forage yield and water consumption) may

Figures 5.

be higher than in a single cropped system Recebido em 15/06/2021 e aprovado para publicação em 20/10/2021

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2021v26n4p924-937

Souza, et al. 933

(YANG et al., 2011; CHIMONYO et al., productivity through the intercropping

2016). Furthermore, the use of climatically cycles

(TONATO

et

al. ,

2014).

adapted species can guarantee stable

Figure 6. Empirical models of crop coefficient (Kc) versus: Leaf index area (LAI) for Marandu palisade grass intercropped with black oat and ryegrass, Piracicaba/SP.

1,1

)c 1,0

K 0,9

t (n 0,8

icieff 0,7

Kc = 0.6301LAI0.2911

Coe 0,6

R² = 0.8585

op 0,5

Cr 0,4

0,3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Leaf Area Index (LAI)

Figure 7. Empirical models of crop coefficient (Kc) versus Canopy height (CH) during autumn/winter from May 4th to October 7th, 2016, for Marandu palisade grass intercropped with black oat and ryegrass, Piracicaba/SP.

1,1

) 1,0

cK 0,9

t (n 0,8

icieff 0,7

0,6

Coe

Kc = -0.0006CH2 + 0.0474CH + 0.094

op 0,5

R² = 0.8237

Cr 0,4

0,3

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Canopy height (CH), cm

In FAO Irrigation and Drainage

light interception of 95%) drove to the

Paper N° 56 (ALLEN et al., 1998), the Kc lower Kc values observed in the initial

values presented for perennial ryegrass crop

period of the crop growth.

are 0.95 for the initial phase, 1.05 for the

middle period, and 1.00 for the final phase.

The different cutting cycles used for annual

6 CONCLUSIONS

ryegrass in this study (cuts after reaching a

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 924-937, outubro-dezembro, 2021

934 Crop coefficient of marandu...

Kc values for Marandu palisade

measurements of CH and LAI, we conclude

grass showed correlation coefficients above

that Kc values can be estimated for given 0.68 throughout the four seasons. Kc values

periods by applying both approaches and

were higher in the summer, ranging from

the estimation may be very useful in areas 0.45 to 1.10, with LAI and CH equal to with irrigated pastures.

6.56 and 0.44 m, respectively. The trend

curve between Kc and CH in the winter had

a better fit than the trend curve of Kc and 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LAI. Both correlations for Marandu

palisade grass with black oat and ryegrass The authors thank the Sao Paulo

showed coefficients of determination above

Research Foundation (FAPESP) for the

0.80. The Kc ranged from 0.62 to 1.04, with

financial support with the regular research a maximum LAI of 5.72 and CH of 0.46 m.

project nº 2012/23002-6.

Based

on

our

models

and

field

8 REFERENCES

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