758 Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

ISSN 1808-8546 (ONLINE) 1808-3765 (CD-ROM)

POROSIDADE DE AERAÇÃO E PRODUTIVIDADE DO CAFEEIRO IRRIGADO

EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO EUTROFÉRRICO

JORGE LUIZ MORETTI DE SOUZA1; STEFANIE LAIS KREUTZ ROSA2; ADÃO

WAGNER PÊGO EVANGELISTA3 E BRUNO CÉSAR GURSKI4

1 Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Bairro Cabral, CEP 80.035-050, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. jmoretti@ufpr.br 2 Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Bairro Cabral, CEP 80.035-050, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. skreutzrosa@gmail.com 3 Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança s/n, Caixa postal 131, CEP 74.690-900, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. awpego@bol.com.br 4 Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Bairro Cabral, CEP 80.035-050, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. brunocep@gmail.com

1 RESUMO

A porosidade de aeração () do solo está diretamente relacionada com o desenvolvimento e produtividade das plantas. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como a porosidade de aeração () horária afeta a produtividade do cafeeiro irrigado em Latossolo cultivado na região de Lavras, sudeste do Brasil, e determinar sua faixa ideal. O experimento foi conduzido com a cultivar Rubi MG-1192, com espaçamento 3,5 x 0,8 metros, em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de porcentagens da lâmina bruta de irrigação necessária ( Li), sendo: não irrigado e 60, 80, 100, 120 e 140% da Li. O potencial matricial do solo ( m) em cada tratamento foi medido com sensores, realizando leituras horárias em três profundidades (0,25; 0,50 e 0,75 m). As lâminas crescentes de irrigação proporcionam redução linear da porosidade de aeração média do solo cultivado com café. O tratamento com T100 mostrou um aumento significativo da produtividade e, a partir desse valor a lâmina bruta da irrigação mostrou tendência a reduzir a produtividade do café e porosidade do solo. A faixa ideal de β entre 0,152 e 0,163 m3 m-3

proporcionou condições adequadas de aeração e maiores produtividades para o cafeeiro.

Palavras-chave: agricultura irrigada, produção, atributos do solo.

SOUZA, J. L. M.; ROSA, S. L. K.; EVANGELISTA, A. W. P.; GURSKI, B. C.

AIR-FILLED POROSITY AND YIELD OF IRRIGATED COFFEE IN A EUTROPHIC RED OXISOL

2 ABSTRACT

Soil air-filled porosity ( β) is directly related to the plant development and yield. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate how hourly aeration porosity ( β) affects the productivity of irrigated coffee cultivated in an Oxisol in the region of Lavras, southeastern Brazil, to determine its ideal range. The experiment was conducted with the Rubi MG-1192 cultivar, spaced at 3.5 x 0.8 meters, in randomized blocks with six treatments and three replicates. The treatments Recebido em 17/05/2019 e aprovado para publicação em 20/10/2021

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2021v26n4p758-773

Souza, et al. 759

consisted of applying percentages of the gross irrigation depth required ( Li), being non-irrigated, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140% of Li. The soil matric potential ( m) in each treatment was measured using sensors, performing hourly readings at three depths (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75

m). The increase in gross irrigation depths provides a linear reduction of the average air-filled porosity in the soil cultivated with coffee. The T100 treatment showed a significant productivity increase, and from this value the gross irrigation depth showed a tendency to reduce coffee productivity and soil air-filled porosity. The ideal range of β between 0.152 and 0.163 m3 m-3 provided adequate aeration conditions and a higher yield for coffee.

Keywords: irrigated agriculture, productivity, soil properties.

3 INTRODUCTION

However, the β can be a problem when

irrigation is used, since the inadequate

The cultivation of coffee beans has

management can lead to excess of water in

developed in regions considered suitable for

the soil, causing reduction of β. Therefore, the crop in terms of water requirements.

it was agreed to adopt a β minimum ( β min), With the expansion of coffee production it

which indicates the ideal air-filled porosity

becomes necessary to adopt new cropping

so that the O2 diffusion rate in the soil is

and management technologies, such as

equal to its consumption, avoiding plant

irrigation, since the major environmental

stress and improving the productivity in

stresses that affect coffee production is

irrigated systems. Thus, with no aeration

hydric stress (SCHEEL et al., 2019).

limitation, the water availability for plants

Irrigation criteria have been established

will be as high as possible.

considering the crop response to soil water

There is no concordance in the

content.

However,

with

no

water

literature as to the ideal β min value, since limitations, the oxygen diffusion (O2) in the

there

are

uncountable

edaphic

and

soil is the limiting factor for the plants

physiological

factors

that

affect

it.

growth and production, since the gas

However,

it

was

adopted

diffusivity of the soil depends on the air-

β min ≥ 0.1 m3 m-3 as a limiting value for the

filled porosity ( β), which controls the

crops development (GRABLE; SIEMER,

movement of the gases to and from the

1968; PÄIVÄNEN, 1973; THEODOROU;

atmosphere (SMITH et al., 2003; JABRO et

CAMERON; BOWEN, 1991; TORMENA;

al., 2012; NEIRA et al., 2015).

SILVA; LIBARDI, 1998). The limit value

The increase of soil water content

of β min is only a reference, since the O2

reduces the β by preventing soil O2

diffusion rate in the soil depends on the

diffusion. In contrast, with the constant

differences

in root density, activity,

consumption of O2 by the edaphic fauna

chemistry,

and

structure

among

the

and roots, the plants can be exposed to the

different crops (BEN-NOAH; FRIEDMAN,

hypoxic

condition

or

low

oxygen

2018). The determination of β min is

concentration, affecting energy production

complex, and no consistent values for

via oxidative phosphorylation, limiting root

coffee are available in the literature.

growth and reducing the productivity

Therefore, other crops are used as

(WEITS; VAN DONGEN; LICAUSI,

reference, which is not ideal, given the

2021). The β seems to be a problem already

particularity and importance of coffee as an

overcome in Brazil, since the predominant

agricultural crop. Zou et al. (2001) observed

soils (Oxisols and Ultisols) in the country

that root elongation rate increased rapidly

are

well-drained

(EMBRAPA,

2018).

when the air-filled porosity was between

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

760 Porosidade de aeração...

0.05 and 0.15 m3 m-3 for radiata pine. Silva,

design, with six treatments and three

Imhoff and Kay (2004) evaluating a soil in

replications. The treatments consisted of

Canada, with a maize crop observed a

applying percentages of gross irrigation

relationship between plant growth and air-

depth required ( Li), being: T0 (non-

filled

porosity

for

no-tillage

and

irrigated), T60 (60% Li), T80 (80% Li), conventional-tillage between 0.05 and 0.27

T100 (100% Li), T120 (120% Li) and T140

m3 m-3. Klein et al. (2008) found values

(140% Li). The irrigations were carried out

between 0.07 and 0.24 m3 m-3 under no-

in fixed frequency of two and three days.

tillage system and 0.17 and 0.27 m3 m-3

The gross irrigation depth required was

under

no-tillage

with

mechanical

obtained with the equation:

scarification for wheat; and Wall and

Heiskanen (2003) suggest values between

𝐿𝑖𝑖 = 𝐾𝑐𝑖⋅𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑖−𝑃𝑖

(1)

0.20 and 0.40 m3 m-3 for pinus crop.

𝐸

Therefore, a high variation of β min in

Where: Li

different plant species and soils is reported.

i is the gross irrigation

depth at each i-period of crop cycle (mm Due to the direct influence of β min

period-1); Kc

on crop productivity and the cost involved

i is the crop coefficient used at

each i-phenological stage (unitless; Table

in the irrigation activity, β min determination 1); EToi is the reference evapotranspiration is essential as a yield parameter, especially

at each i-period (mm period-1); E is the for crops with high economic value such as

efficiency of the center pivot irrigation (%),

coffee in Brazil. In this context, the

considered equal to 90%.

objective of this study was to evaluate how

the hourly air-filled porosity ( β) affects the It was considered in the experiment

productivity of coffee plants irrigated in a

the need of the dormancy period for

eutrophic red Oxisol, and determine its

irrigated coffee floral induction, according

ideal range in Lavras, southeastern region

to Embrapa (2009) and Lima et al. (2016).

of Brazil.

Thus, in the period between May 18 and

August 1 no irrigations were performed.

The precipitation ( P) was measured

4 MATERIAL AND METHODS

with a pluviometer, installed at 1.5 m height

from the soil surface. The ETo estimation The experiment was carried out in

was performed using the modified Penman-

Lavras,

Minas

Gerais

State,

Brazil,

coordinates 21°13’43 S, 44°58'59 W and

Monteith method, with Cn = 900 K mm s3

Mg-1 day-1 and Cd = 0.34 s m-1 (ASCE-altitude of 918.8 m. The climate is

EWRI, 2005). The daily climate data

classified as Cwa (humid subtropical, with

required, such as maximum, minimum and

dry winter and hot summer), with the

mean air temperature (oC), mean relative

warmest temperature of the month above

humidity (%), incident solar radiation (MJ

22°C (ALVARES et al., 2013). The soil is

m-2 day-1) and wind speed at two meters

classified as eutrophic red Oxisol according

height (m s-1), were measured at the

to Embrapa (2018).

meteorological station of the National

The data used were obtained

Institute of Meteorology (INMET), located

between 2007 and 2008, in a coffee ( Coffea

near

the

experimental

area.

The

arabica L.) crop, variety Rubi, under

phenological stages and crop coefficients

central pivot irrigation, planted in the 1999

(Table 1) were obtained according to

year, at a spacing of 3.5 x 0.80 m. The total

regional data (CAMARGO; CAMARGO,

area of the experiment is approximately 1.6

2001).

hectare, conducted in a randomized block

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

Souza, et al. 761

Table 1. Coffee phenological stages in 2007 and 2008 crop years, periods and crop coefficients ( Kc) used in irrigation management in Lavras, Minas Gerais state, southeastern region of Brazil.

Period

Kc

Stages

Phenological phases

i

Initial

Final

(unitless)

P1

Vegetation and flower bud formation

Mar. 2007 Mar. 2007

1.1

P2

Induction and maturation of floral buds

Apr. 2007 Aug. 2007

0.9

P3

Flowering and beginning of fruit expansion Sep. 2007 Dec. 2007

1.2

P4

Fruit expansion

Jan. 2008 Mar. 2008

1.1

P5

Fruit ripening

Apr. 2008

Jun. 2008

0.9

P6

Rest and senescence of 3rd and 4th branches Jul. 2008

Aug. 2008

1.1

The soil particle density (

P) and

respectively. The macropores (“θSAT θCC”) soil texture were determined with soil

and micropores (“θ

SAT

macropores”) were

samples at 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m depths

estimated (EVANGELISTA et al., 2013).

according to Teixeira et al. (2017). For the

The soil water retention curves were

soil

physical-water

characterization,

determined based on the volumetric water

undisturbed samples were collected at the

content retained at 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 10.0

same depths to determine the soil bulk

kPa tensions, in porous plate funnel, and

density (S) and soil water retention curve.

33, 100, 500 and 1500 kPa, in Richards

The total soil porosity ( α) was considered pressure chamber. An undisturbed soil

equal to the volumetric water content at

sample was used for each tension and the

saturation ( α = θSAT). The volumetric soil curve was adjusted with Van Genuchten

water content at field capacity ( θCC) and (1980) model, considering the Mualem

permanent wilting point ( θPMP) was

restriction, 𝑚 = 1 − 1 (Table 2 and Figure

considered equal to the moisture obtained at

𝑛

1).

-6

kPa

and

-1500

kPa

potentials,

Table 2. Physical-water attributes and average soil water retention curves parameters, adjusted with the Van Genuchten (1980) model for three layers of a eutrophic red Oxisol irrigated and cultivated with coffee crop, in Lavras, Brazil.

Macro Micro

Layer

α

P

S

α

θFC θPWP

θr

n

pores pores

(m)

(Mg m-3)

------------------ (m3 m-3) ------------------ (kPa) (unitless) 0.00-0.25

2.67

1.29 0.52 0.48 0.42 0.41

0.04

0.38

0.52

1.34

0.25-0.50

2.70

1.10 0.59 0.47 0.39 0.39

0.12

0.27

0.63

1.63

0.50-0.75

2.70

0.86 0.68 0.47 0.36 0.35

0.21

0.15

1.77

1.42

P – soil particle density; S – soil bulk density; α – total porosity ( α = S); FC – volumetric soil water content at field capacity; PWP – volumetric soil water content at permanent wilting point; r – residual water content; α and n – empirical parameters of the Van Genuchten (1980) equation.

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

762 Porosidade de aeração...

Figure 1. Soil water retention curves adjusted with the Van Genuchten (1980) model for three layers of a eutrophic red Oxisol irrigated and cultivated with coffee crop in Lavras, Brazil.

The soil matric potential m( ti) was weight, and then the processing was carried

estimated with Watermark sensors, installed

out (outer skin removal and weighing).

at 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m depths, connected

Productivity was expressed in bags of 60 kg

to data loggers for hourly readings ( ti) from

of coffee beans processed per hectare.

March 2007 to August 2008. The

Results of yield and soil air-filled

volumetric water contents θ( ti) were porosity ( β) were submitted to statistical obtained from the matric potentials

analysis of variance (F test), correlation,

m( ti)

and soil water retention curves adjusted for

regression and frequency (MANLY, 2008).

each depth. The hourly β( t

The productivity averages were compared

i) was calculated

for each soil depth, considering:

with the Tukey test at 5% probability

(p<0.05).

𝛽(𝑡

𝑖) = (𝛼 − 𝜃(𝑡𝑖))

(2)

Where: β( t

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

i) is the soil air-filled

porosity at each i-time (m3 m-3); α is the total soil porosity (m3 m-3); θ( t

5.1 Water relations and soil air-filled

i) is the

volumetric water contents at each i-time

porosity ( β)

(m3 m-3).

The precipitation was higher than

The harvesting of coffee plots was

reference evapotranspiration ( ETo) only in

carried out manually. For evaluation, 12

the P4 stage between January and March

coffee plants were chosen randomly in each

2008 (Figure 2), showing the importance of

plot. The beans harvested in the “cherry”,

coffee irrigation in Lavras during the

“green”, “raisins” and “dry” stages were

analyzed period. The gross irrigation depths

mixed

and

homogenized

before

(60, 80, 100, 120 and 140%) provided

beneficiation

to

estimate

the

yield

increments of 20% of water applied in T60

productivity. The samples were dried to

to T140.

reach 12% of humidity content, based on

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

Souza, et al. 763

Figure 2. Reference evapotranspiration ( ETo), precipitation and treatments with increasing of gross irrigation depths in the coffee phenological stages (P1 to P6).

The increasing gross irrigation

(Figure 3a). Despite the high variability of

depths caused, on average, a linear

air-filled porosity values during the studied

reduction of β in the 13200 analyzed hours

period (Figure 3b), no treatment, including

(Figure 3a). The water applied in the

T140, was able to reach β < 0.10, value irrigation infiltrated the soil, reducing the

considered

critical

in

the

literature

amount of air-filled porosity, however,

(GRABLE; SIEMER, 1968; HALL et al.,

were not enough to saturate the soil, as at

1977; XU; NIEBER; GUPTA, 1992).

this limit the stabilization of β is expected Figure 3. Relationship between gross water depth and mean soil air-filled porosity ( β) in the different treatments and periods evaluated: a) linear regression analysis between mean soil air-filled porosity versus gross irrigation depths applied in the treatment (“precipitation + irrigation”); b) β boxplot in the different treatments; and, c) β

average in the different periods.

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

Souza, et al. 764

In the flowering and fruit expansion

pluviometric

precipitations

in

hourly

stage (P3) in addition to the higher

variations of β( ti) (Figure 4). In the T0, evaporative demand, the coffee was in the

without irrigation, a mean air-filled porosity

reproductive period, and for this reason it

βμ = 0.1816 m3 m-3 (Figure 4a) was

was responsible for the largest gross

measured.

With

the

complementary

irrigation depths applied on this stage

irrigation the tendency of β was similar, (Figure 2). The problem to stablish a βmin in

however with different amplitudes, showing

phenological phases considered critical is

that the increase of gross irrigation depths

that the maximum water demand of the

changed βμ during the studied period

plant coincides with the higher demand of

(Figure 4). As the irrigation depth

O2, being these two attributes antagonistic

increased, there was a higher oscillation in

in the soil (LICAUSI, 2011; NEIRA et al.,

the amplitude and a decrease in aeration

2015). This happened in the P3 and P4

porosity, which is expected since there is a

stages, which are considered critical for

higher amount of pores filled with water.

coffee yield, and had the lowest values of β

During the period between 2000 and 4000

(Figure 3c).

hours the oscillation was low due to the

The hourly volumetric water content

dormancy period required for irrigated

( ti) data during the 13200 hours allowed to

coffee floral induction.

verifying the effect of the irrigations and

Figure 4. Soil air-filled porosity ( β) in 13200 hours, in a eutrophic red Oxisol cultivated with coffee crop under irrigation, considering the following treatments: a) T0 (without irrigation); b) T60 (60% of the recommended gross irrigation depth); c) T80; d) T100; e) T120; and f) T140.

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

Souza, et al. 765

The

hourly

variation

of

β,

increasing β over time. The irrigation

specifically over two weeks without rainfall

applied in the T100 treatment caused

(Figure 5), allowed verifying its growth

variation in the soil water content and

over time in the T0 (non-irrigated)

consequently less β variation in relation to treatment. The application of irrigation

the T140, presenting lower wetting peaks

reduced the β immediately, mainly in the

and allowing more uniform airflow. On

T140. Afterwards, the water infiltrated in

T140 treatment, β decreased rapidly,

the 0-0.75 m layer is consumed by the

requiring approximately 24 hours to returns

coffee plants or drained to deeper layers,

to the mean value.

Figure 5. Hourly values of soil air-filled porosity ( β) and irrigation depths on the treatments T0, T100 and T140, throughout two weeks without rainfall precipitation (March 3

to 14, 2007), on coffee plants irrigated with center pivot system in Lavras, Brazil.

Van Lier (2001) considers that

and 38.35 bags ha-1, respectively, and for

wetting peaks reduce the soil permeability

2007/2008 harvest the treatments T80,

to the air, requiring higher O2 pressure

T100, T120 and T140 did not differ

gradients. As a result, there is a decrease in

statistically. In the two harvests analyzed

the pressure of this gas in the soil depth

there were a significant increase in

and, therefore, part of the root system may

productivity until the T100 treatment (149

experience a lack of O2.

bags ha-1), despite the gross water depth

being higher in T120 and T140 (Figure 6

5.2 Soil air-filled porosity ( β) and yield and Table 3). There was a significant

adjustment between productivity and β

The variation of β in treatments

(Figure 7), where the “optimum” point for

reflected in significant differences in coffee

coffee was reached for βμ = 0.163 m3 m-3.

yield. Considering the 2006/2007 harvest,

Below and above this value there was a

the treatments T100 and T120 obtained

drop in productivity.

higher productivity (Table 3), being 45.59

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766 Porosidade de aeração...

Table 3. Average productivity of irrigated coffee yield with center pivot system in Lavras, Brazil according to the treatments T0 to T140, in the 2006/2007 and 2007/2008

harvest years.

--------------------------- Yield (bags ha-1) ---------------------------

Treatment

Harvest 2006/2007

Harvest 2007/2008 Sum of yields

T140

26.57 bc

94.73 ab

121.30 ab

T120

38.35 ab

89.27 ab

127.63 ab

T100

45.59 a

104.8 a

149.67 a

T80

21.50 c

80.74 abc

102.25 bc

T60

17.56 c

61.46 bc

79.02 cd

T0

15.15 c

43.48 c

58.63 d

Note: Means followed by the same letters do not differ significantly to the level of 5% probability.

Figure 6. Accumulated gross irrigation depth and sum of two years of irrigated coffee yield with center pivot system in Lavras, Brazil: a) Gross irrigation depth (irrigation +

precipitation) applied according to treatments, T0 to T140; b) Sum of yields from 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 harvest years.

Figure 7. Regression analysis between yield and average air-filled porosity ( β) for the irrigated coffee cultivated in Lavras, Brazil, considering the T0 to T140 treatments.

The soil bulk density (S) decreased

total soil porosity ( α) was lower in the with increasing depth (Table 2). Thus, the

surface layer, presenting a lower volume of

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Souza, et al. 767

macropores

and

higher

volume

of

of β, with a coefficient of -1.0 (p < 0.01), micropores. The opposite was observed by

which in turn also reduced the total porosity

Nunes et al. (2010) and Siqueira et al.

( α; p < 0.01), saturation point ( S; p < 0.01) (2014), who verified that the management

and macroporosity (p < 0.05). Changes in

of an Oxisol cultivated with coffee

soil structure modify the pore diameter and

increased the S, modifying the physical-

distribution, and consequently the water

water attributes. The soil water retention

retention capacity, increasing the moisture

curves (Figure 1) also made it possible to

at the permanent wilting point ( PWP; p < verify a significant increase in the

0.05) and residual water content ( r). Lima saturation point ( S) and a reduction in the and Carvalho (2009) and Karuma et al.

residual water content ( r) on deeper layers

(2014) state that changes in soil physical

(Table 2).

properties, such as aggregate stability,

Pearson correlations between the

consistency, aeration and water retention,

soil physical-water attributes (Table 4) and

promote changes in plant yield. Silva and

the

average

air-filled

porosity

( βμ)

Lima (2013) verified a decrease in Arabic

throughout the layers analyzed showed

coffee yield in areas with higher soil

sources of variation. The soil bulk density

density, and consequently lower total and

(S) was the main variable in the decrease

air-filled

porosity.

Table 4. Pearson correlation between soil physical attributes and average of air-filled porosity in all layers of the analyzed soil.

Source of

Macro

Micro

variation

P

S

α

FC PWP S

r

α

n porosity porosity

β

0.83

1.00 1.00

0.83

0.99 1.00

0.99 0.93 0.20

NS

1.00*

0.83 NS

**

**

NS

*

**

NS

NS

NS

* and ** significant at 5% and 1% probability, respectively; NS no significant; P – soil particle density; S – soil bulk density; α – total porosity (volumetric soil water content at saturation); FC – volumetric soil water content at field capacity; PWP – volumetric soil water content at permanent wilting point; r – residual water content; α e n – empirical parameters from the Van Genuchten (1980) equation.

On average, when the critical limit

that coffee needs higher βmin. According to of βμ = 0.163 m3 m-3 was exceeded, coffee Van Lier (2001), as deeper the root system

yield decreased (Figure 7). Klein et al.

is, larger is the β required, demanding

(2008) concluded that β over 0.15 m3 m-3

higher pore connectivity for aeration to

provided higher productivity for wheat in

occur.

an Oxisol, compared to β between 0.10 and

The T0 treatment remained mostly

0.15 m3 m-3. In the same soil type,

with β in the range of 0.188 to 0.20 m3 m-3,

Primavesi, Melo and Libardi (1988)

corresponding to a 49% probability in the

concluded that the mean βmin for maximum

observed frequency distribution (Table 5).

bean crop yield should be 0.125 m3 m-3,

It is important to highlight that at this level

with variations in range of 0.09 to 0.16 m3

of β the soil water content is close to the m-3. All notes confirm the considerations of

permanent wilting point ( θPMP). The

Silva, Kay and Perfect (1994), in which the

absence of water in the soil facilitates the

reduction of air-filled porosity decreases the

flow of air, but exposes the plants to water

crop yield. However, the limit of 0.1 m3 m-3

stress,

causing

changes

in

coffee

established in the literature was not

metabolism, nutritional deficiencies and a

exceeded in the present study in any

reduction in the carbon retention, crop yield

treatment (Figure 3b, 4 and 7), indicating

and coffee bean quality (BATISTA et al.,

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

768 Porosidade de aeração...

2010; GRISI et al., 2008; SILVA et al.,

2011).

Table 5. Probability of air-filled porosity on soil (13200 hours), observed on coffee crop in a eutrophic red Oxisol irrigated with center pivot system, from 2007 to 2008.

Lower Upper

------ Observed probability of soil β in the treatments (%) -----

limit

limit

----- Absolute frequency -----

---- Cumulative frequency ----

of the

of the T0 T60 T80 T100 T120 T140 T0 T60 T80 T100 T120 T140

class

class

0.117

0.122

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0

0

0

0

0

2

1

0.122

0.127

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0

0

0

0

0

4

2

0.127

0.132

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0

0

0

0

0

6

4

0.132

0.137

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 5.0

0

0

0

0

9

9

0.137

0.142

0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 6.0 10.0 0

0

0

1

15

19

0.142

0.147

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 8.0 13.0 0

1

2

4

23

32

0.147

0.152

1.0 4.0 4.0 9.0 9.0 18.0 1

5

6

13

32

50

0.152*

0.158

2.0 7.0 11.0 28.0 13.0 15.0 3

12

17

41

45

65

0.158

0.163* 6.0 16.0 22.0 18.0 12.0 5.0

9

28

39

59

57

70

0.163

0.168

8.0 26.0 21.0 8.0 7.0 2.0 17 54

60

67

64

72

0.168

0.173 10.0 8.0 10.0 4.0 7.0 4.0 27 62

70

71

71

76

0.173

0.178

8.0 7.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 35 69

74

74

74

79

0.178

0.183

6.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 41 76

79

79

78

84

0.183

0.188 10.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 5.0 51 81

85

86

86

89

0.188

0.200 49.0 18.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 12.0 100 100 100 100

100

100

* Ideal range of air-filled porosity for the development of coffee plants.

The irrigation management in the

6 CONCLUSIONS

T100 increased the frequency of air-filled

porosity in the range of 0.152 to 0.163 m3

The increase in gross irrigation

m-3, obtaining a 46% observed probability

depths provides a linear reduction of the

(Table 5). Therefore, soil water content was

average air-filled porosity in the irrigated

maintained close to the field capacity,

eutrophic red Oxisol. However, the coffee

allowing a constant flow of water and air in

yield was only affected with irrigation

the soil. The treatments T120 and T140 had

depths lower than the water requirement of

a probability of 25 and 20%, respectively

the crop for the region.

for the same class of β. As the T100

The 100% of the gross irrigation

presented higher yield than the other

depth

(T100)

treatment

showed

a

treatments (Figure 6b), the porosity range

significant productivity increase in the two

between 0.152 and 0.163 m3 m-3 indicates

analyzed harvests with eutrophic red

more adequate environmental conditions for

Oxisol. From this value, the increase in the

coffee plants in the studied site.

gross irrigation depth resulted in a tendency

to reduce productivity and soil air-filled

porosity of the coffee crop.

The ideal range of soil air-filled

porosity ( β) between 0.152 and 0.163 m3 m-

3 provided adequate aeration conditions and

higher

yields

for

the

coffee

crop.

Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

Souza, et al. 769

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Irriga, Botucatu, v. 26, n. 4, p. 758-773, outubro-dezembro, 2021

Document Outline

- 3 INTRODUCTION

- 4 MATERIAL AND METHODS

- 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

- The increasing gross irrigation depths caused, on average, a linear reduction of β in the 13200 analyzed hours (Figure 3a). The water applied in the irrigation infiltrated the soil, reducing the amount of air-filled porosity, however, were not enough ...

- In the flowering and fruit expansion stage (P3) in addition to the higher evaporative demand, the coffee was in the reproductive period, and for this reason it was responsible for the largest gross irrigation depths applied on this stage (Figure 2). T...

- The hourly volumetric water content ((ti) data during the 13200 hours allowed to verifying the effect of the irrigations and pluviometric precipitations in hourly variations of β(ti) (Figure 4). In the T0, without irrigation, a mean air-filled porosit...

- 6 CONCLUSIONS

- LIMA, C. G. R.; CARVALHO, M. P. Correlação linear e espacial entre a produtividade de forragem de milho e frações granulométricas de um Latossolo vermelho distrófico. Bragantia, Campinas, v. 68, n. 4, p. 985-990, 2009. DOI: 10.1590/S0006-8705200900040...

- SILVA, A. S.; LIMA, J. S. S. Atributos físicos do solo e sua relação espacial com a produtividade do café arábica. Coffee Science, Lavras, v. 8, n. 4, p. 395-403, 2013. Available at: http://www.sbicafe.ufv.br:80/handle/123456789/7993. Accessed on: 27 ...

- SIQUEIRA, R. H. S.; FERREIRA, M. M.; ALCÂNTARA, E. N.; SILVA, B. M.; SILVA, R. C. Water retention and s index of an oxisol subjected to weed control methods in a coffee crop. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 38, n. 5, p. 471-479, 2014. DOI: 10.159...

Table of Contents

3 INTRODUCTION

4 MATERIAL AND METHODS

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The increasing gross irrigation depths caused, on average, a linear reduction of β in the 13200 analyzed hours (Figure 3a). The water applied in the irrigation infiltrated the soil, reducing the amount of air-filled porosity, however, were not enough ...

In the flowering and fruit expansion stage (P3) in addition to the higher evaporative demand, the coffee was in the reproductive period, and for this reason it was responsible for the largest gross irrigation depths applied on this stage (Figure 2). T...

The hourly volumetric water content ((ti) data during the 13200 hours allowed to verifying the effect of the irrigations and pluviometric precipitations in hourly variations of β(ti) (Figure 4). In the T0, without irrigation, a mean air-filled porosit...

6 CONCLUSIONS

LIMA, C. G. R.; CARVALHO, M. P. Correlação linear e espacial entre a produtividade de forragem de milho e frações granulométricas de um Latossolo vermelho distrófico. Bragantia, Campinas, v. 68, n. 4, p. 985-990, 2009. DOI: 10.1590/S0006-8705200900040...

SILVA, A. S.; LIMA, J. S. S. Atributos físicos do solo e sua relação espacial com a produtividade do café arábica. Coffee Science, Lavras, v. 8, n. 4, p. 395-403, 2013. Available at: http://www.sbicafe.ufv.br:80/handle/123456789/7993. Accessed on: 27 ...

SIQUEIRA, R. H. S.; FERREIRA, M. M.; ALCÂNTARA, E. N.; SILVA, B. M.; SILVA, R. C. Water retention and s index of an oxisol subjected to weed control methods in a coffee crop. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 38, n. 5, p. 471-479, 2014. DOI: 10.159...